Analysis of Body Composition and Food Habits of Spanish Celiac Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Anthropometric Measurements
2.3. Body Composition and Energy Expenditure
2.4. Dietary Assessment
2.5. Mediterranean-Diet Score
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Anthropometric and Body Composition Measurements
Characteristic | Women |
---|---|
n | 54 |
Age (year) | 34.4 ± 12.9 |
Mean duration of GFD ( year) | 10.9 ± 8.5 |
Height (cm) | 164 ± 6 |
Weight (kg) | 57.9 ± 7.3 |
Body Fat % | 27.1 ± 6.9 |
Body-mass index | |
Mean (kg/m2) | 21.4 ± 27 |
Underweight <18.5—no. (%) | 6 (11.1) |
Normal 18.5–24.9—no. (%) | 44 (81.5) |
Overweight 25–30—no. (%) | 4 (7.4) |
3.2. Dietary Intakes
3.2.1. Energy, Macronutrients and Fiber
Celiac Women ( n = 54) | Spanish Women—Control Women (n = 1734) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | 1847 ± 362 | 2038 ± 655 | 0.003 |
Protein (g) | 79.2 ± 16.6 | 88.0 ± 37.8 | < 0.001 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 192.3 ± 40.7 | 199.7 ± 75.9 | 0.002 |
Fat (g) | 84.6 ± 23.0 | 93.2 ± 35.6 | 0.022 |
(PUFA+MUFA)/SFA | 2.1 | 2.0 | - |
PUFA/SFA | 0.49 | 0.49 | - |
Cholesterol (mg) | 324 ± 137 | 336 ± 151 | 0.544 |
Fiber (g) | 16.4 ± 5.6 | 18.9 ± 10.1 | 0.002 |
3.2.2. Micronutrients
Celiac Women (n = 54) | Spanish Women—Control Women (n = 1734) | p | DRI FESNAD (2010) [14] | DRI: RDA and AI IoM (2011) [15] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin A (μg) | 819 ± 556 | 723 ± 323 | 0.001 | 600 | 700 |
Thiamin (mg) | 2.1 ± 3.5 | 1.8 ± 4.9 | 0.056 | 1 | 1.1 k |
Riboflavin (mg) | 2.1 ± 1.5 | 1.4 ± 3.2 | 0.001 | 1.3 a | 1.1 k |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 3.7 | < 0.001 | 1.2 b | 1.3 b |
Vitamin B12 (μg) | 8.1 ± 5.6 | 6.1 ± 4.9 | 0.230 | 2 | 2.4 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 153 ± 65 | 133 ± 80 | 0.180 | 60 c | 75 |
Vitamin D (μg) | 4.9 ± 4.0 | 3.7 ± 3.7 | 0.331 | 5 | 15 |
Vitamin E (mg) | 11.2 ± 3.8 | 13.4 ± 7.0 | 0.003 | 15 | 15 |
Niacin (mg) | 26.4 ± 11.4 | 39.4 ± 39.7 | < 0.001 | 14 | 14 |
Folate (μg) | 373 ± 556 | 266 ± 113 | < 0.001 | 300 | 400 j |
Calcium (mg) | 897 ± 264 | 835 ± 293 | 0.274 | 900 d | 1000 d |
Iron (mg) | 14.5 ± 5.0 | 13.7 ± 6.2 | 0.162 | 18 e | 18 e |
Magnesium (mg) | 297 ± 92 | 354 ± 126 | 0.011 | 300 f | 320 f |
Iodine (μg) | 78.7 ± 38.7 | 84.8 ± 47.3 | 0.187 | 150 | 150 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1223 ± 314 | 1295 ± 380 | 0.191 | 700 g | 700 g |
Zinc (mg) | 9.2 ± 4.0 | 8.7 ± 3.3 | 0.156 | 7 g | 8 |
Sodium (mg) | 1916 ± 802 | 2349 ± 810 | 0.505 | 1500 | 1500 l |
Potassium (mg) | 2950 ± 806 | 2858 ± 827 | 0.485 | 3100 h | 4700 |
Selenium (μg) | 48.2 ± 19.3 | 53.7 ± 28.9 | 0.031 | 55 i | 55 |
3.3. Food Consumption Frequency
3.4. Score for Adherence to Mediterranean Diet
4. Discussion
Compliance/Suggestion | ||
---|---|---|
Celiac Women | Spanish Women—Control Women | |
Energy intake (kcal) | √ | |
Obese and overweight (%) | √ | ×/↓ |
Macronutrient distribution | ||
Protein (%) | ×/↓ | |
Carbohydrate (%) | ×/↑ | |
Fat (%) | ×/↓ | |
Fiber (g) | ×/↑↑ | ×/↑ |
Micronutrient intake | ||
Vitamin D (μg) | ×/↑ | |
Vitamin E (mg) | ×/↑ | |
Folate (μg) | ×/↑ | |
Calcium (mg) | ×/↑ | |
Iron (mg) | ×/↑ | |
Iodine (μg) | ×/↑ | |
Selenium (μg) | ×/↑ | |
Food consumption frequency | ||
Grains | ×/↑ | √/= |
Legumes | √/= | ×/↑ |
Vegetables | ×/↑ |
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Churruca, I.; Miranda, J.; Lasa, A.; Bustamante, M.; Larretxi, I.; Simon, E. Analysis of Body Composition and Food Habits of Spanish Celiac Women. Nutrients 2015, 7, 5515-5531. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075234
Churruca I, Miranda J, Lasa A, Bustamante M, Larretxi I, Simon E. Analysis of Body Composition and Food Habits of Spanish Celiac Women. Nutrients. 2015; 7(7):5515-5531. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075234
Chicago/Turabian StyleChurruca, Itziar, Jonatan Miranda, Arrate Lasa, María Bustamante, Idoia Larretxi, and Edurne Simon. 2015. "Analysis of Body Composition and Food Habits of Spanish Celiac Women" Nutrients 7, no. 7: 5515-5531. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075234