A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Bioactive Compounds in Cardiovascular Disease: Phenolic Compounds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Search Equation
2.2. Selection and Evaluation
3. Results and Discussion
Group (Class) | Author/Date | Jadad Score | Design (Follow up) | (n) Population | Intervention | Outcomes | Significant Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phenols (Stilbenes) | Wong et al. (2011) [19] | 5 | 2B, X (1 h) | (19) Overweight/obese + ↑ BP men or post-menopausal women | 30 mg, 90 mg, 270 mg RSV vs. PCB | EF | ↑ EF, more with highest dose |
Phenols (Stilbenes) | Wong et al. (2013) [20] * | 5 | 2B, X (1 h) | (28) obese subjects | Acute intervention: 75 mg/trans-resveratrol (Resvida) vs. PCB after chronic intervention | FMD | ↑ FMD |
Phenols (Stilbenes) | Wong et al. (2013) [20] * | 5 | 2B, X (6 weeks) | (28) obese subjects | 75 mg/day trans-resveratrol (Resvida) vs. PCB | BP, AR, BMI, FMD | ↑ FMD |
Phenols (Stilbenes) | Bo et al. (2013) [21] | 5 | 2B, X (60 days(wash-out 30 days)) | (50) Healthy smokers | 500 mg RSV/d vs. PCB | BP, Anthropometry, lipids profile, CHO metabolism, TAS, hsCRP, | ↓ hsCRP, TAG, ↑ TAS |
Phenols (Stilbenes) | Militaru et al. (2013) [22] | 3 | 2B, Ctrl, PA (60 days) | (166) BMI 24–27 kg/m2, stable angina pectoris | 20 mg/day RSV, 20 mg/day RSV + 112 mg/day CF, 112 mg/day CF | Lipids profile, hsCRP, left ventricular function markers | ↓ TC, TAG greater in RSV, hsCRP greater in CF, NT-proBNP more effective RSV+CF |
Phenols (Stilbenes) | Tomé-Carneiro et al. (2013) [23] | 4 | 3B, PCB (1 year) | (75) Stable CAD patients | 350 mg/day GE, 350 mg/day GE-RES vs. PCB (6 months); double dose next 6 months | PBMCs, inflammatory and fibrinolytic biomarkers | ↑ adiponectin, ↓ PAI-1, significantly activated or inhibited 6 key inflammation-related transcription factors in PBMCs |
Phenols (Stilbenes) | Tomé-Carneiro et al. (2012) [24] | 4 | 3B, PCB (6 months) | (75) Primary prevention of CVD | 350 mg/day GE, 350 mg/day GE-RES vs. PCB | Lipids profile, oxidized LDL | ↓ LDLc, ApoB, LDLox and LDLox/ApoB ratio, ↑ nonHDLc/ApoB ratio in GE-RES |
Phenols (Stilbenes) | Tomé-Carneiro et al. (2013) [25] | 5 | 3B, PCB, dose–response (1 year) | (35) T2D, HT with CAD | 350 mg/day GE, 350 mg/day GE-RES vs. PCB (6 months); double dose next 6 months | PBMCs, inflammatory, fibrinolytic biomarkers | ↓ CCL3, IL-1β, TNF-α expression, ↑ transcriptional repressor LRRFIP-1 in PBMCs with GE-RES |
Phenols (Stilbenes) | Tomé-Carneiro et al. (2012) [26] | 4 | 3B, PCB (1 year) | (75) Primary prevention of CVD | 350 mg/day GE, 350 mg/day GE-RES vs. PCB (6 months); double dose next 6 months | Inflammatory and fibrinolytic biomarkers | ↓ CRP, TNF-α, PAI-1, IL-6/IL-10 ratio, sICAM ↑ IL-10, adiponectin in GE-RES |
Phenols (Catechols) | Alwi et al. (2008) [27] | 4 | 2B, PCB (2 months) | (75) ACS patients | 45 mg/day, 90 mg/day or 180 mg/day curcumin vs. PCB | Lipids profile | Not significant effect |
Phenols (Catechols) | Chuengsamarn et al. (2014) [28] | 5 | 2B, PCB (6 months) | (240) T2D patients | 750 mg/day curcumin vs. PCB | BP, anthropometry, lipids profile, adiponectin, leptin, CHO metabolism, PWV, uric acid | ↓ PWV, HOMA, TAG, uric acid, abdominal obesity and leptin, ↑ adiponectin. |
Polyphenols (Wine/beer) | Botden et al. (2012) [29] | 4 | 2B, PCB, three-period X (4 weeks) | (61) HT subjects | 280 mg/day red wine polyphenols or 560 mg/day red wine polyphenols vs. PCB | BP | No significant effect |
Polyphenols (Wine/beer) | Chiva-Blanch et al. (2014) [30] | 4 | 2B, PCB, X (4 weeks) | (36) High risk of CVD males | Beer (30 g alcohol/day), the equivalent amount of polyphenols in the form of non-alcoholic beer, or gin (30 g alcohol/day) | Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and EPC-mobilizing factors | Beer and non-alcoholic beer interventions, ↑-circulating EPC. No significant differences were observed after the gin period |
Polyphenols (Wine/beer) | Chiva-Blanch et al. (2012) [31] | 3 | X (4 weeks) | (67) High risk of CVD males | Red wine (30 g alcohol/day), the equivalent amount of dealcoholized red wine, or gin (30 g alcohol/day) | BP and plasma nitric oxide | Dealcoholized red wine ↓ DBP and SBP |
Polyphenols (Wine/beer) | Chiva-Blanch et al. (2012) [32] | 3 | X (4 weeks) | (67) High risk of CVD males | Red wine (30 g alcohol/day), the equivalent amount of dealcoholized red wine, or gin (30 g alcohol/day) | Inflammatory biomarkers | Alcohol ↑ IL-10 and ↓ macrophage-derived chemokine concentrations. Phenolic compounds of Red wine ↓ serum concentrations of ICAM-1, E-selectin, and IL-6 |
Group (Class) | Author/ Date | Jadad Score | Design (Follow up) | (n) Population | Intervention | Outcomes | Significant Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flavonoids (Anthocyanins) | Kuntz (2014) [33] | 4 | 2B, PCB, X (14 days) | (30) Healthy females | 330 mL/day beverages (PCB, juice or smoothie with 8.9, 983.7 and 840.9 mg/L ACN, respectively) | Inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers | ↑ SOD and CAT after ACN. ↓ MDA after ACN ingestion. |
Flavonoids (Anthocyanins) | Curtis et al. (2009) [34] | 5 | PCB, PA (12 weeks) | (57) Postmenopausal women | 500 mg/day ACN vs. PCB | BP, CHO metabolism, lipids profile, inflammatory biomarkers, platelet reactivity | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Anthocyanins) | Hassellund et al. (2013) [35] | 5 | 2B, PCB, X (4 weeks) | (31) Pre-hypertensive males | 640 mg/day ACN vs. PCB | Lipids profile, CHO metabolism, inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers | ↑ HDLc and glucose after anthocyanin versus PCB treatment. No effects were observed on inflammation or oxidative stress in vivo, except for vWf |
Flavonoids (Anthocyanins) | Dohadwala et al. (2011) [36] | 4 | Open-label, (2 and 4 hour acute study) | (15) CAD subjects | 835 mg total polyphenols, 94 mg anthocyanins vs. PCB | Vascular function | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Anthocyanins) | Dohadwala et al. (2011) [36] | 4 | X, 2B, PCB (4 weeks, 2 week washout) | (44) CAD subjects | 835 mg total polyphenols, 94 mg anthocyanins vs. PCB | Vascular function | ↓ Carotid femoral pulse wave activity |
Flavonoids (Catechins) | Miyazaki et al. (2013) [37] | 4 | 2B, PCB (14 weeks) | (52) Healthy subjects | 630.9 mg/day Green Tea Catechins vs. Ctrl | CVD risk markers | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Catechins) | de Maat et al. (2000) [38] | 3 | 1B, PCB, PA (4 weeks) | (64) Healthy subjects | Black tea (3 g/day), green tea (3 g/day), green tea polyphenol isolate capsules (3.6 mg/day) and mineral water. | Inflammatory and endothelial markers | Negative correlation between the levels of the antioxidant β-carotene and the inflammation markers IL6 and fibrinogen |
Flavonoids (Catechins) | Widmer et al. (2013) [39] | 3 | 2B, Ctrl (4 months) | (52) Early atherosclerosis | 30 mL/day simple Olive Oil vs. 30 mL/day of EGCG-supplemented Olive Oil | EF, inflammation and oxidative stress | Only significant when merging data of both groups the EF was improved. |
Flavonoids (Catechins) | Nagao et al. (2007) [40] | 4 | 2B, PA (12 weeks) | (240) Visceral fat-type obesity | Green tea containing 583 mg/day catechins (catechin group) vs. 96 mg/day catechins (Ctrl group) | Anthropometric measurements, body fat composition and CVD risk | ↓ body weight, BMI, body fat ratio, body fat mass, waist circumference, hip circumference, visceral fat area, and subcutaneous fat area, SBP, LDLc |
Flavonoids (Flavanols) | Farouque et al. (2006) [41] | 5 | 2B, PCB (6 weeks) | (40) Healthy males | Flavanol-rich chocolate bar and cocoa beverage (total flavanols, 444 mg/day) vs. matching isocaloric PCBs (total flavanols, 19.6 mg/day) | EF and adhesion molecules | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Flavanols) | Berry et al. (2010) [42] * | 4 | 2B, X (2 h, 3–7 days washout) | (21) overweight/obese subjects | HF, 701 mg or LF, 22 mg cocoa | BP, HR, FMD | ↑ DBP after exercise were attenuate by HF, improvement of FMD with HF |
Flavonoids (Flavanols) | Davison et al. 2008 [43] * | 4 | 2B, PCB, PA (12 weeks) | (98) overweight/obese subjects | 902 mg cocoa flavanols/day vs. 36 mg cocoa flavanols/day With/without exercise protocol | BP, HDLc, LDLc, TG, HOMA, FMD | ↑ FMD at 6 and 12 weeks with HF vs. LF, ↑ DBP, BP mean, improvement in HOMA (independent of exercise) |
Flavonoids (Flavanols) | West et al. (2014) [44] | 3 | 2B, PCB, X (4 weeks, 2 weeks washout) | (30) Middle-aged overweight | 37 g/day of dark chocolate and a sugar-free cocoa beverage (total flavanols = 814 mg/day) vs. low-flavonol chocolate and cocoa free beverage (total flavanols = 3 mg/day) | EF, BP | ↑ Basal and peak diameter of the brachial artery and basal blood flow volume. |
Flavonoids (Flavanols) | Faridi et al. (2008) [45] | 4 | X, Ctrl, 1B (1 days, 7 days washout) | (45) Overweight subjects | Solid dark chocolate bar (821 mg flavanols) vs. cocoa-free PCB bar (0 mg flavanols) | EF, BP | Solid dark chocolate improved EF; also ↓ BP |
Flavonoids (Flavanols) | Faridi et al. (2008) [45] | 4 | X, Ctrl, 1B (1 days, 7 days washout) | (44) Overweight subjects | Sugar-free cocoa (805.2 mg flavanols), sugared cocoa (805.2 mg flavanols), vs. PCB (0 mg flavanols). | EF, BP | Liquid cocoa ingestion improved EF; sugar-free cocoa ↓ BP |
Flavonoids (Flavanols) | Davison et al. (2010) [46] | 3 | 2B, PA (6 weeks) | (52) Men and postmenopausal women with untreated mild HT | 33, 372, 712 or 1052 mg/day of cocoa flavanols | 24-h BP | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Flavanols) | Grassi et al. (2008) [47] | 3 | X, Ctrl, 1B (15 days) | (19) HT with Impaired glucose tolerance | Flavonol-rich dark chocolate (110.9 mg epicatechin, 36.12 mg catechin, 2.5 mg quercetin, 0.03 mg kaempferol, and 0.2 mg isorhamnetin)/d or flavonol-free white chocolate (0.04 mg/day catechins) | EF, IR, β-cell function, BP, CRP, TC | ↓ IR, BP, TC, LDLc. ↑ insulin sensitivity, EF |
Flavonoids (Flavanols) | Flammer et al. (2012) [48] | 3 | 2B, PCB (2 hours) | (20) CHF patients | 40 g Flavonol rich chocolate (624 mg total flavanols) vs. 28.4 g Ctrl chocolate (0 mg flavanols | EF and platelet function in the short term | Improvement of vascular function in patients with CHF |
Flavonoids (Flavanols) | Flammer et al. (2012) [48] | 3 | 2B, PCB (2 and 4 weeks) | (20) CHF patients | 40 g/day Flavonol rich chocolate (624 mg total flavanols) vs. 28.4 g/day Ctrl chocolate (0 mg flavanols) | EF and platelet function in long term by FMD | Improvement of vascular function in patients with CHF |
Flavonoids (Flavanols) | Heiss et al. (2010) [49] | 3 | Ctrl, 2B, X (30 days) | (16) CAD patients | High-flavanol intervention (375 mg/day) and a macronutrient- and micronutrient-matched low-flavanol intervention (9 mg/day) twice daily | EF and enhancement and function of circulating angiogenic cells | ↑ EF, CD34+/KDR+-Circulating angiogenic cells. ↓ SBP |
Flavonoids (Flavanols) | Horn et al. (2013) [50] | 3 | 2B, X (30 days) | (16) CAD patients | High-flavanol intervention (375 mg/day) and a macronutrient- and micronutrient-matched low-flavanol intervention (9 mg/day) twice daily | Circulating endothelial micro particles, markers of endothelial integrity, EF | ↑ Endothelial micro-particles and EF. Improvement of endothelial integrity |
Flavonoids (Flavanols) | Balzer et al. (2008) [51] | 5 | 2B, PCB, three-period X (2 h) | (10) Diabetic subjects | Single-dose ingestion of cocoa, containing increasing concentrations of flavanols (75, 371, and 963 mg) | EF | Single ingestion of flavanol-containing cocoa was dose-dependently acute increases in circulating flavanols and EF |
Flavonoids (Flavanols) | Balzer et al. (2008) [51] | 5 | 2B, PCB, PA (30 days) | (41) Diabetic subjects | 963 mg/day Flavanol-rich cocoa vs. nutrient-matched Ctrl (75 mg/day flavanols) | EF | Flavanol-containing cocoa ↑ baseline EF |
Flavonoids (Flavonols) | Larson et al. (2012) [52] | 3 | 2B, PCB, X (1 days, 7 days washout) | (5) Healthy males | 1095 mg quercetin aglycone vs. PCB | Angiotensin-converting enzyme, endothelin-1, BP | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Flavonols) | Conquer et al. (1998) [53] | 3 | 2B (28 days) | (27) Healthy subjects | 4 capsules (1.0 g quercetin/day) vs. rice flour PCB | BP, lipids profile, thrombogenic risk factors | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Flavonols) | Suomela et al. (2006) [54] | 3 | 2B, PCB, X (4 weeks, 4 weeks washout) | (14) Healthy males | Oat meal with 78 mg/day flavonol aglycones (sea buckthorn) vs. Ctrl | CVD risk markers | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Flavonols) | Edwards et al. (2007) [55] | 3 | 2B, PCB, X (28 days) | (41) Prehypertension and hypertension | 730 mg quercetin/day vs. PCB | BP, oxidative stress | ↓ BP in hypertensive group |
Flavonoids (Flavonols) | Larson et al. (2012) [52] | 3 | 2B, PCB, X (1 days, 2 days washout) | (12) HT stage 1 males | 1095 mg quercetin aglycone vs. PCB | Angiotensin-converting enzyme, endothelin-1, BP | ↓ BP in Hypertensive men |
Group (Class) | Author/Date | Jadad Score | Design (Follow up) | (n) Population | Intervention | Outcomes | Significant Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | McVeigh et al. (2006) [56] | 3 | 1B, X (57 days, 4 weeks washout) | (35) Healthy males | Milk protein isolate (MPI), low-isoflavone soy protein isolate (low-iso SPI; 1.64 ± 0.19 mg aglycone isoflavones/day), and high-isoflavone SPI (high-iso SPI; 61.7 ± 7.4 mg aglycone isoflavones/day) | Lipids profile | ↓ TC/HDLc, LDLc/HDLc, and Apo B/Apo A-I with both SPI treatments than with MPI treatment |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Sanders et al. (2002) [57] | 3 | X (17 days, 25 days washout) | (22) Healthy subjects | 56 vs. 2 mg isoflavones/day | Lipids profile, fibrinogen, and active TGF-β, factor VII coagulant and PAI-1 | ↑ HDL and Apo A1 in high-isoflavone |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Thorp et al. (2008) [58] * | 5 | 2B, PCB, X (6 weeks) | (91) Hypercholesterolemia | 24 g SP+70–80 mg ISOs (diet S) vs. 12 g SP + 12 g dairy protein (DP) + 70–80 mg ISOs (diet SD) vs. 24 g DP without ISOs (diet D) | HDLc, LDLc, TC | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Atkinson et al. (2004) [59] | 5 | 2B, PCB (12 months) | (205) Female | 43.5 mg red clover-derived isoflavones/day vs. PCB | Lipids profile, BP, fibrinogen and PAI-1 | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Marini et al. (2010) [60] | 5 | 2B, PCB (24 months) | (138) Females with low bone mass | 54 mg/day genistein aglycone vs. PCB | Lipids profile, CHO metabolism, HOMA, fibrinogen, osteoprotegerin and homocysteine | ↓ fasting glucose and insulin, HOMA, fibrinogen and homocysteine |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Hodis et al. (2011) [61] | 5 | 2B, PCB (2 years) | (350) Postmenopausal women | 25 g/day soy protein (91 mg/day aglycone isoflavone equivalents) vs. PCB | Atherosclerosis progression | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Atteritano et al. (2007) [62] | 5 | 2B, PCB (24 months) | (191) Postmenopausal women | 54 mg/day genistein vs. PCB | Lipids profile, CHO metabolism, HOMA, fibrinogen, sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, 8-iso-PGF2α, and osteoprotegerin | ↓ Fasting glucose and insulin as well as HOMA, fibrinogen, 8-iso-PGF2α, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1. ↑ Serum osteoprotegerin |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Garrido et al. (2006) [63] | 3 | PCB (12 weeks) | (29) Postmenopausal women | 100 mg/day isoflavones vs. PCB | Lipids profile, CHO metabolism and platelet thromboxane A2 receptor density. BP, BMI, subcutaneous fat | ↓ Thromboxane A2 after the experimental treatment. |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Hall et al. (2005) [64] | 4 | 2B, PCB, X (8 weeks, 8 weeks washout) | (117) Postmenopausal women | Isoflavone-enriched (genistein-to-daidzein ratio of 2:1; 50 mg/day) vs. PCB cereal | Inflammatory and vascular homeostasis biomarkers | ↓ CRP |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Rios et al. (2008) [65] | 3 | 2B, PCB (6 months) | (47) Postmenopausal women | 40 mg/day isoflavone vs. casein PCB | Lipids profile | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Villa et al. (2009) [66] | 3 | PCB (24 weeks) | (50) Postmenopausal women | 54 mg/day genistein vs. PCB | Anthropometric measures, lipid profile, CHO metabolism and C-peptide evaluation, IR and EF | HOMA and fasting glucose levels significantly improved |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Liu et al. (2012) [67] | 4 | 2B, PCB (6 months) | (180) Postmenopausal women | 15 g/day soy protein and 100 mg/day isoflavone (Soy group), vs. 15 g/day milk protein and 100 mg/day isoflavone (Iso group) vs. 15 g/day milk protein (PCB) | Lipids profile, inflammatory markers and composite cardiovascular | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Yang et al. (2012) [68] | 3 | Open-labelled, prospective (24 week) | (130) Healthy Taiwanese postmenopausal women | 35 mg/day vs. 70 mg/day soy extractª | Lipids profile | ↓ TC, LDLc in patients with TC >200 mg/dL |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Liu et al. (2013) [67] | 5 | 2B, PCB (6 months) | (270) Pre-hypertensive women | 40 g/day soy flour (whole soy group), 40 g/day low-fat milk powder + 63 mg/day daidzein (daidzein group), vs. 40 g/day low-fat milk powder (PCB) | Anthropometric indicators and body composition | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Aubertin-Leheudre et al. (2008) [69] | 3 | 2B, PCB (6 months) | (50) Obese postmenopausal women | 70 mg/day isoflavones vs. PCB | Body composition (DXA), and Lipid profile and CHO metabolism | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Choquette et al. (2011) [70] | 4 | 2B, PCB (6 months) | (100) Overweight to obese postmenopausal women | PCB or isoflavones (70 mg/day) or exercise + PCB or exercise + isoflavones (70 mg/day). Exercise consisted of three weekly sessions of resistance training and aerobics | Body composition, lipids profile, CHO metabolism and HOMA. | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Aubertin-Leheudre M et al. (2007) [71] | 3 | 2B, PCB (12 months) | (56) Obese postmenopausal women | 70 mg/day isoflavonesb (+weight loss exercise program from the 6 months) vs. PCB | Anthropometry, lipids profile, CHO metabolism, CRP | ↓ body weight, BMI, total and abdominal FM (kg and %), ↑ FFM/FM ratio with exercise program |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Hodgson et al. (1999) [72] | 3 | 2B, PCB, PA (8 weeks) | (59) High-normal BP | 55 mg/day isoflavonoid vs. PCB | 8-iso-PGF2α | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Sagara et al. (2004) [73] | 3 | PCB, 2B, PA (5 weeks) | (61) Men with relatively higher BP or TC | Diets containing at least 20 g/day soy protein + 80 mg/day isoflavones vs. PCB diets | BP and Lipid profile | ↓ BP, TC and non-HDLc and ↑ HDLc. |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Clerici et al. (2007) [74] | 4 | Ctrl, PA (8 weeks) | (62) Hypercholesterolemia | 80 g serving/d (33 mg/day isoflavones + negligible soy protein + led to a serum isoflavone concentration of 222 +/- 21 nmol/L) vs. Ctrl group | Lipids profile, hsCRP, urinary 8-iso-PGF2α, and EF | ↓ LDLc, TC |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Meyer et al. (2004) [75] | 3 | PCB, X (5 weeks, without washout) | (23) Mildly hypercholesterolemic and/or hypertensive | Soy-based milk (30 g/day soy protein + 80 mg/day isoflavones) + yoghurt (treatment) vs. equivalent dairy products (Ctrl) | BP, arterial compliance, lipid profile, fatty acids | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Jenkins et al. (2002) [76] | 3 | 1B (1 month, 2 weeks washout) | (41) Postmenopausal women with hypercholesterolemia | A low-fat dairy food Ctrl diet, high- (50 g soy protein and 73 mg isoflavones/day), low- (52 g soy protein and 10 mg isoflavones/day) isoflavone soy food diets | BP, lipids profile, oxidized LDL, calculated CAD risk | Soy diets ↓ TC estimated CAD risk, TC/HDLc, LDLc/HDLc, ApoB/A-I. Blood lipid and BP changes, the calculated CAD risk ↓ with the soy diets |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Blum et al. (2003) [77] | 4 | 2B, PCB, X (6 weeks, 1 month washout) | (24) Postmenopausal women with hypercholesterolemia | 25 g/day soy protein vs. PCB | Vascular inflammation biomarkers | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Teede et al. (2006) [78] | 3 | Ctrl, X (3 months) | (41) Hypertensive postmenopausal | Soy cereal (40 g/day soy protein + 118 mg/day isoflavones) vs. gluten PCB cereal | BP, arterial function | ↑ 24 hour HR, area under curve of 24 h SBP |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Cicero et al. (2013) [79] | 4 | Ctrl, 1B prospective study with PA (12 weeks) | (40) Mildly dyslipidemic postmenopausal women | 60 mg/day soy isoflavones + 500 mg/day berberine vs. PCB (1 tablet/d) | BP, HOMA, lipids profile, metalloproteinase | Isoflavones-berberine experienced a significant improvement in plasma lipid and metalloproteinase serum levels. |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Curtis et al. (2013) [80] | 5 | 2B, PCB, PA (1 year) | (180) Postmenopausal women with T2D | 27 g/day flavonoid-enriched chocolate (containing 850 mg flavan-3-ols [90 mg epicatechin] + 100 mg isoflavones [aglycone equivalents)] /d) vs. PCB. | Intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery, pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, BP, and vascular biomarkers | Only pulse pressure variability improved |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Curtis et al. (2013) [80] | 5 | PA, PCB (1 year) | (93) Postmenopausal women with T2D | 27 g/day flavonoid-enriched chocolate (containing 850 mg flavan-3-ols [90 mg epicatechin] + 100 mg isoflavones [aglycone equivalents)] /d) vs. PCB. | HOMA and QUICKI, lipid profile, BP | Estimated 10-year total coronary heart disease risk (derived from UK Prospective Diabetes Study algorithm) was attenuated after flavonoid intervention |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Chan et al. (2008) [81] | 5 | 2B, PCB (12 weeks) | (102) Prior ischemic stroke | 80 mg/day isoflavone supplement vs. PCB | EF, nitro-glycerine-mediated dilatation, BP, HR, CHO metabolism, haemoglobin A1c, and oxidative stress biomarkers | ↓ serum hsCRP and improved brachial EF in patients with clinically manifest atherosclerosis |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Webb et al. (2008) [82] | 4 | 2B, PA (5 days) | (71) Subjects with CAD | Isoflavone-intact soy protein (75 mg/day of isoflavones) vs. isoflavone-free PCB | Stimulated coronary blood flow, Basal and stimulated coronary artery luminal diameters | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Isoflavones) | Fanti et al. (2006) [83] | 3 | 2B, Crtl, prospective, pilot study (8 weeks) | (32) ESRD patients with systemic inflammation | Nutritional supplements (soy groups) containing 26–54 mg isoflavones aglycones vs. isoflavone-free milk-based supplements (Ctrl group) | Inflammatory biomarkers | Inverse correlation between blood isoflavones levels and CRP, positive correlation between blood isoflavones levels and IGF-1 |
Flavonoids (Procyanidins) | Ras et al. (2013) [84] | 5 | 2B, PCB, PA (8 weeks) | (70) Healthy subjects | 300 mg/day Grape Seed Extract vs. PCB | BP | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Procyanidins) | Yubero et al. (2013) [85] | 3 | 2B, PCB, X (56 days) | (60) Healthy subjects | 700 mg/day the Grape Extract (Eminol®) vs. PCB | CVD risk and oxidative stress markers | ↓TC, LDLc and ↑ TAC and vitamin E. |
Flavonoids (Procyanidins) | Asher et al. (2012) [86] | 5 | 2B, PCB, four-period X (3.5 days, 4 days washout) | (21) Pre-hypertensive or mildly hypertensive adults | Hawthorn Extract (1000, 1500, and 2500 mg/day) vs. PCB | EF and nitric oxide release | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Procyanidins) | Liu et al. (2004) [87] | 3 | PCB, 2B, PA (12 weeks) | (58) HT subjects | 100 mg/day Pycnogenol vs. PCB | Endothelin | ↓ Calcium antagonist nifedipine. ↓ endothelin-1 concentration and ↑ of 6-keto prostaglandin F1a. |
Flavonoids (Procyanidins) | Enseleit et al. (2012) [88] | 5 | 2B, PCB, X (8 weeks, 2 weeks washout) | (23) Patients with stable CAD | 200 mg/day Pycnogenol vs. PCB | EF, oxidation and inflammatory markers, platelet adhesion and 24 h BP | EF improvement. ↓ 8-iso-PGF2α |
Flavonoids (Procyanidins) | Mellen et al. (2010) [89] | 3 | 2B, PCB, X (4 weeks, 4 weeks washout) | (50) Patients with CAD | 1300 mg/day muscadine grape seed vs. PCB | EF, oxidation and inflammatory markers, antioxidant status | No significant effect |
Flavonoids (Procyanidins) | Tauchert et al. (2002) [90] | 3 | 2B, PCB (16 weeks) | (209) Chronic stable heart failure patients | 1800 mg/day crataegus extract WS 1442 or 900 mg/day crataegus extract WS 1442 vs. PCB | Typical heart failure symptoms | Typical heart failure symptoms as rated by the patients were ↓ to a greater extent |
3.1. Simple Phenols
3.1.1. Stilbenes
3.1.2. Catechols
3.1.3. Beer or Wine Polyphenols
3.2. Polyphenols
3.2.1. Anthocyanins
3.2.2. Catechins
3.2.3. Flavanols
3.2.4. Flavonols
3.2.5. Isoflavones
3.2.6. Procyanidins
4. Limitations and Future Perspectives
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rangel-Huerta, O.D.; Pastor-Villaescusa, B.; Aguilera, C.M.; Gil, A. A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Bioactive Compounds in Cardiovascular Disease: Phenolic Compounds. Nutrients 2015, 7, 5177-5216. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075177
Rangel-Huerta OD, Pastor-Villaescusa B, Aguilera CM, Gil A. A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Bioactive Compounds in Cardiovascular Disease: Phenolic Compounds. Nutrients. 2015; 7(7):5177-5216. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075177
Chicago/Turabian StyleRangel-Huerta, Oscar D., Belen Pastor-Villaescusa, Concepcion M. Aguilera, and Angel Gil. 2015. "A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Bioactive Compounds in Cardiovascular Disease: Phenolic Compounds" Nutrients 7, no. 7: 5177-5216. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075177