Optimal Vitamin D Supplementation Doses that Minimize the Risk for Both Low and High Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in the General Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
N | % | Mean | Std | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin D supplementation (IU per day) | 13,987 | 2484.6 | 3993.8 | |
Plasma 25(OH)D level nmol/L | 13,987 | 88.9 | 47.6 | |
Age (Years) | ||||
<40 | 5270 | 37.7 | ||
40 to 49 | 3123 | 22.3 | ||
50 to 59 | 3528 | 25.2 | ||
60+ | 2066 | 14.8 | ||
Gender | ||||
Female | 6760 | 48.3 | ||
Male | 7227 | 51.7 | ||
Weight Status | ||||
Normal weight | 4470 | 33.1 | ||
Underweight | 184 | 1.4 | ||
Overweight | 4943 | 36.7 | ||
Obesity | 3888 | 28.8 | ||
Season | ||||
Winter | 4685 | 33.5 | ||
Spring | 4198 | 30.0 | ||
Summer | 2717 | 19.4 | ||
Fall | 2387 | 17.1 |
LOWER SERUM 25(OH)D TARGETS (in nmol/L) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
40 | 50 | 58 | 75 | 100 | 150 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Proportion | Proportion | Proportion | Proportion | Proportion | Proportion | |||||||||||||||||||||
Weight Status | Optimal Intake (IU) | Between Lower and Upper | Above Lower | Below Upper | Optimal Intake (IU) | Between Lower and Upper | Above Lower | Below Upper | Optimal Intake (IU) | Between Lower and Upper | Above Lower | Below Upper | Optimal Intake (IU) | Between Lower and Upper | Above Lower | Below Upper | Optimal Intake (IU) | Between Lower and Upper | Above Lower | Below Upper | Optimal Intake (IU) | Between Lower and Upper | Above Lower | Below Upper | ||
Upper Serum 25(OH)D Targets (in nmol/L) | 100 | Normal weight | 104 | 0.70 | 0.91 | 0.79 | 238 | 0.63 | 0.87 | 0.76 | 377 | 0.56 | 0.83 | 0.73 | 837 | 0.36 | 0.70 | 0.66 | ||||||||
Overweight | 129 | 0.74 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 301 | 0.65 | 0.85 | 0.79 | 513 | 0.57 | 0.81 | 0.75 | 1108 | 0.36 | 0.69 | 0.67 | ||||||||||
Obesity | 364 | 0.77 | 0.91 | 0.87 | 755 | 0.66 | 0.84 | 0.82 | 1177 | 0.55 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 2603 | 0.31 | 0.64 | 0.67 | ||||||||||
All weight groups | 349 | 0.77 | 0.93 | 0.84 | 552 | 0.69 | 0.88 | 0.81 | 719 | 0.61 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 1048 | 0.41 | 0.65 | 0.75 | ||||||||||
125 | Normal weight | 323 | 0.85 | 0.95 | 0.90 | 606 | 0.79 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 886 | 0.74 | 0.89 | 0.85 | 1798 | 0.58 | 0.79 | 0.79 | |||||||||
Overweight | 622 | 0.88 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 939 | 0.83 | 0.92 | 0.91 | 1209 | 0.78 | 0.88 | 0.90 | 1808 | 0.61 | 0.75 | 0.86 | ||||||||||
Obesity | 830 | 0.87 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 1717 | 0.79 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 2683 | 0.71 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 4960 | 0.52 | 0.74 | 0.78 | ||||||||||
All weight groups | 669 | 0.88 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 1025 | 0.82 | 0.92 | 0.91 | 1322 | 0.76 | 0.87 | 0.89 | 1941 | 0.59 | 0.73 | 0.86 | 4138 | 0.27 | 0.57 | 0.70 | ||||||
150 | Normal weight | 499 | 0.91 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 889 | 0.87 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 1280 | 0.82 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 2650 | 0.68 | 0.83 | 0.85 | 6208 | 0.44 | 0.74 | 0.71 | |||||
Overweight | 731 | 0.91 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 1274 | 0.86 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 1779 | 0.82 | 0.90 | 0.92 | 3156 | 0.68 | 0.81 | 0.87 | 6479 | 0.42 | 0.67 | 0.76 | ||||||
Obesity | 1620 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 3181 | 0.87 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 4640 | 0.81 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 7250 | 0.66 | 0.80 | 0.86 | 9862 | 0.40 | 0.61 | 0.80 | ||||||
All weight groups | 1012 | 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 1535 | 0.88 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 1978 | 0.83 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 2949 | 0.68 | 0.78 | 0.90 | 5643 | 0.44 | 0.65 | 0.78 | ||||||
171 | Normal weight | 774 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 1340 | 0.90 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 1885 | 0.87 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 3656 | 0.75 | 0.86 | 0.89 | 7209 | 0.55 | 0.78 | 0.78 | |||||
Overweight | 1276 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 2114 | 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 2802 | 0.87 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 4611 | 0.76 | 0.85 | 0.91 | 8270 | 0.55 | 0.73 | 0.82 | ||||||
Obesity | 2243 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 4344 | 0.90 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 6235 | 0.85 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 9451 | 0.73 | 0.84 | 0.89 | 12,843 | 0.50 | 0.67 | 0.83 | ||||||
All weight groups | 1414 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 2133 | 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 2745 | 0.87 | 0.92 | 0.95 | 4108 | 0.74 | 0.82 | 0.92 | 6829 | 0.54 | 0.70 | 0.84 | 10,373 | 0.14 | 0.41 | 0.73 | ||
200 | Normal weight | 1199 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 2038 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 2849 | 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 5479 | 0.82 | 0.90 | 0.92 | 10,008 | 0.69 | 0.86 | 0.83 | |||||
Upper Serum 25(OH)D Targets (in nmol/L) | Overweight | 2082 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 3321 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 4250 | 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 6702 | 0.82 | 0.88 | 0.94 | 11,120 | 0.67 | 0.80 | 0.87 | |||||
Obesity | 3527 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 6386 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 8714 | 0.90 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 12,365 | 0.80 | 0.88 | 0.92 | 16,112 | 0.60 | 0.73 | 0.87 | ||||||
All weight groups | 1883 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 3243 | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 4491 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 7297 | 0.80 | 0.87 | 0.93 | 9423 | 0.66 | 0.76 | 0.90 | 12,627 | 0.30 | 0.46 | 0.84 | ||
250 | Normal weight | 2319 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 3971 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 5433 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.98 | |||||||||||||
Overweight | 3980 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 5981 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 7281 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.98 | ||||||||||||||
Obesity | 5433 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 11,402 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 16,917 | 0.95 | 0.98 | 0.97 | ||||||||||||||
All weight groups | 3543 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 5918 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 7914 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 11,972 | 0.87 | 0.92 | 0.96 | 11,922 | 0.74 | 0.78 | 0.96 | 15,623 | 0.43 | 0.50 | 0.93 | ||
300 | Normal weight | 3307 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 5228 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | |||||||||||||||||
Overweight | 5,042 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 7433 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.99 | ||||||||||||||||||
Obesity | 8767 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 13,065 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | ||||||||||||||||||
All weight groups | 5163 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 8225 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 10,560 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 14,955 | 0.90 | 0.93 | 0.97 | 13,049 | 0.77 | 0.79 | 0.98 | 16,859 | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.96 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Authors Contributions
Conflict of interest
Appendix
Study | Gender of Participants | Vitamin D Supplement | Sub Group | Dose (IU) | Follow Up in Weeks | Number of Participants | Mean 25(OH)D in nmol/L | SD in nmol/L |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ala-Houhala, M., et al., 1988 [17] | Both | None | 0 | 52 | 27 | 43.3 | 19.5 | |
Not specified | 400 | 52 | 24 | 71.3 | 23.8 | |||
Aloia, J., et al., 2010 [18] | Both | D3 | 4000 | 13 | 35 | 111.7 | 30.0 | |
Aloia, J.F., et al., 2005 [19] | Female | D3 | 800 | 13 | 104 | 70.8 | 22.9 | |
Biancuzzo, R.M., et al., 2010 [20] | Both | None | 0 | 11 | 17 | 45.3 | 16.0 | |
D3 | In orange juice | 1000 | 11 | 16 | 76.8 | 21.3 | ||
In capsules | 1000 | 11 | 18 | 70.0 | 27.5 | |||
D2 | In orange juice | 1000 | 11 | 20 | 66.0 | 18.5 | ||
In capsules | 1000 | 11 | 15 | 68.5 | 26.3 | |||
Bolton-Smith, C., et al., 2007 [21] | Female | None | 0 | 52 | 55 | 47.8 | 17.3 | |
104 | 55 | 48.8 | 13.3 | |||||
D3 | Vit D + Calcium | 400 | 52 | 55 | 74.3 | 15.3 | ||
104 | 55 | 74.5 | 15.0 | |||||
Vit D + Vit K + Calcium | 400 | 52 | 58 | 73.0 | 16.3 | |||
104 | 58 | 70.8 | 16.5 | |||||
Cashman, K.D., et al., 2012 [22] | Both | None | 0 | 5 | 13 | 39.7 | 11.1 | |
10 | 13 | 41.2 | 11.1 | |||||
D3 | 800 | 5 | 16 | 64.1 | 9.5 | |||
10 | 16 | 69.0 | 8.7 | |||||
Dawson-Hughes, B., et al., 1991 [23] | Female | None | 0 | 48 | 121 | 60.6 | 28.5 | |
D3 | 400 | 48 | 125 | 92.1 | 23.6 | |||
Dawson-Hughes, B., et al., 1995 [24] | Female | Not specified | 100 | 39 | 124 | 66.3 | 25.5 | |
700 | 39 | 123 | 100.1 | 24.5 | ||||
Diamond, T., et al., 2013 [25] | Both | D3 | 2000 | 12 | 11 | 75.3 | 15.9 | |
5000 | 12 | 15 | 114.4 | 22.2 | ||||
Gallagher, J.C., et al., 2014 [26] | Both | D3 | African American women | 2400 | 52 | 20 | 97.8 | 16.5 |
White women | 2400 | 52 | 5 | 108.0 | 14.3 | |||
Harris, S.S., et al., 2012 [27] | Both | None | 0 | 12 | 43 | 37.4 | 16.1 | |
D3 | 4000 | 12 | 46 | 81.1 | 27.9 | |||
Holick, M.F., et al., 2008 [28] | Both | None | 0 | 11 | 16 | 47.0 | 19.8 | |
D3 | 1000 | 11 | 20 | 72.3 | 27.5 | |||
D2 | 1000 | 11 | 18 | 67.0 | 24.0 | |||
D3+D2 | 1000 | 11 | 14 | 71.0 | 19.3 | |||
Jensen, C., et al., 2002 [29] | Female | Not specified | 400 | 52 | 22 | 50.3 | 19.1 | |
104 | 22 | 80.4 | 21.6 | |||||
156 | 22 | 76.6 | 22.1 | |||||
Karkkainen, M.K., et al., 2010 [30] | Female | D3 | 0 | 156 | 287 | 55.9 | 21.8 | |
800 | 156 | 306 | 74.6 | 21.9 | ||||
Kilpinen-Loisa, P., et al., 2009 [31] | Both | D3 | 800 | 26 | 72 | 82.0 | 21.0 | |
Kyriakidou-Himonas, M., et al., 1999 [32] | Female | D3 | 800 | 12 | 10 | 63.3 | 11.1 | |
Lagunova, Z., et al., 2013 [33] | Both | D3 | 2000 | 4 | 11 | 78.9 | 15.3 | |
Lappe, J.M., et al., 2007 [34] | Female | None | 0 | 52 | 446 | 71.1 | 19.8 | |
D3 | 1100 | 52 | 288 | 96.0 | 21.4 | |||
Li-Ng, M., et al., 2009 [35] | Male | D3 | 2000 | 12 | 78 | 88.5 | 23.2 | |
Logan, V.F., et al., 2013 [36] | Both | None | 0 | 4 | 13 | 71.0 | 15.3 | |
8 | 13 | 61.0 | 15.3 | |||||
13 | 13 | 44.0 | 15.3 | |||||
25 | 13 | 37.0 | 17.9 | |||||
D3 | 1000 | 4 | 23 | 83.0 | 12.2 | |||
8 | 23 | 83.0 | 14.7 | |||||
13 | 23 | 80.0 | 17.1 | |||||
25 | 23 | 80.0 | 19.6 | |||||
D2 | 1000 | 4 | 25 | 70.0 | 12.9 | |||
8 | 25 | 66.0 | 12.9 | |||||
13 | 25 | 62.0 | 14.7 | |||||
25 | 25 | 56.0 | 11.0 | |||||
Molgaard, C., et al., 2010 [37] | Female | None | 0 | 26 | 73 | 47.0 | 20.0 | |
52 | 73 | 39.7 | 17.7 | |||||
D3 | 200 | 26 | 74 | 54.5 | 12.0 | |||
52 | 74 | 52.9 | 16.3 | |||||
400 | 26 | 73 | 59.4 | 13.2 | ||||
52 | 74 | 57.9 | 14.3 | |||||
Nelson, M.L., et al., 2009 [38] | Female | None | 0 | 52 | 31 | 72.7 | 27.8 | |
D3 | 800 | 52 | 31 | 97.4 | 31.3 | |||
Oosterwerff, M.M., et al., 2014 [39] | Both | None | 0 | 8 | 53 | 24.0 | 16.0 | |
16 | 53 | 23.0 | 15.0 | |||||
D3 | 1200 | 8 | 57 | 58.0 | 12.0 | |||
16 | 57 | 60.0 | 16.0 | |||||
Orwoll, E.S., et al., 1988 [41] | Male | None | 0 | 26 | 46 | 55.0 | 15.0 | |
52 | 46 | 60.0 | 18.0 | |||||
D3 | 1000 | 26 | 46 | 75.0 | 18.0 | |||
52 | 46 | 85.0 | 20.0 | |||||
Orwoll, E.S., et al., 1989 [40] | Both | None | 0 | 104 | 14 | 45.0 | 22.5 | |
D3 | 1600 | 52 | 14 | 240.0 | 97.5 | |||
104 | 17 | 225.0 | 87.5 | |||||
Pignotti, G.A., et al., 2010 [42] | Female | None | 0 | 13 | 29 | 58.8 | 24.7 | |
D3 | 400 | 13 | 29 | 59.5 | 17.5 | |||
Putman, M.S., et al., 2013 [43] | Both | D3 | 200 | 11 | 25 | 28.9 | 7.0 | |
1000 | 11 | 29 | 30.1 | 6.6 | ||||
Rajakumar, K., et al., 2008 [44] | Both | D3 | Non-obese | 400 | 4 | 18 | 72.8 | 16.8 |
Obese | 400 | 4 | 21 | 65.5 | 20.3 | |||
Schaafsma, A., et al., 2000 [45] | Female | D3 | 400 | 13 | 46 | 108.0 | 25.0 | |
26 | 46 | 111.0 | 23.0 | |||||
52 | 46 | 121.0 | 27.0 | |||||
Schnatz, P.F., et al., 2014 [46] | Female | None | 0 | 104 | 291 | 45.5 | 23.7 | |
D3 | 400 | 104 | 285 | 60.8 | 30.5 | |||
Schou, A.J., et al., 2003 [47] | Both | None | Placebo then supplementation | 0 | 4 | 10 | 33.7 | 10.4 |
Supplementation then placebo | 0 | 4 | 10 | 32.3 | 13.0 | |||
D3 | Placebo then supplementation | 600 | 4 | 10 | 50.2 | 14.2 | ||
Supplementation then placebo | 600 | 4 | 10 | 43.4 | 9.2 | |||
Smith, S.M., et al., 2009 [48] | Both | None | 0 | 18 | 18 | 38.0 | 17.0 | |
25 | 18 | 34.0 | 12.0 | |||||
D3 | 400 | 18 | 19 | 55.0 | 19.0 | |||
25 | 19 | 57.0 | 15.0 | |||||
1000 | 18 | 18 | 63.0 | 20.0 | ||||
25 | 18 | 63.0 | 25.0 | |||||
2000 | 18 | 7 | 71.0 | 20.0 | ||||
25 | 7 | 71.0 | 23.0 | |||||
Van Der Klis, F.R., et al., 1996 [49] | Female | None | 0 | 5 | 41 | 58.5 | 10.7 | |
D3 | 400 | 5 | 19 | 87.9 | 28.1 | |||
800 | 5 | 19 | 87.9 | 28.1 | ||||
19 | 102.6 | 28.8 | ||||||
Vieth, R., et al., 2001 [50] | Both | D3 | 1000 | 12 | 33 | 68.7 | 16.9 | |
4000 | 12 | 28 | 96.4 | 14.6 | ||||
Wamberg, L., et al., 2013 [51] | Both | None | 0 | 26 | 26 | 46.8 | 21.2 | |
D3 | 7000 | 26 | 26 | 110.0 | 17.3 | |||
Zwart, S.R., et al., 2011 [52] | Both | Not specified | 2000 | 13 | 15 | 73.0 | 17.0 | |
26 | 15 | 79.0 | 16.0 |
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Veugelers, P.J.; Pham, T.-M.; Ekwaru, J.P. Optimal Vitamin D Supplementation Doses that Minimize the Risk for Both Low and High Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in the General Population. Nutrients 2015, 7, 10189-10208. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7125527
Veugelers PJ, Pham T-M, Ekwaru JP. Optimal Vitamin D Supplementation Doses that Minimize the Risk for Both Low and High Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in the General Population. Nutrients. 2015; 7(12):10189-10208. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7125527
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeugelers, Paul J., Truong-Minh Pham, and John Paul Ekwaru. 2015. "Optimal Vitamin D Supplementation Doses that Minimize the Risk for Both Low and High Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in the General Population" Nutrients 7, no. 12: 10189-10208. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7125527