Effects of Fructans from Mexican Agave in Newborns Fed with Infant Formula: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Subjects and Study Design
2.2. DNA Purification from Feces
2.3. Gut Bacteria
Target Organisms (Amplicon Size) | Primer/Probe | Sequence (5′ to 3′) | Tm, °C | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bifidobacterium spp. (231 bp) | Forward primer | GGGATGCTGGTGTGGAAGAGA | 60 | Haarman & Knol, 2005 [18] |
Reverse primer | TGCTCGCGTCCACTATCCAGT | 60 | ||
Probe | VIC-TCAAACCACCACGCGCCA-NFQ-MGB | 70 | ||
Enterobacteriaceae (96 bp) | Forward primer | CATGCC GCGTGTATGAAGAA | 59 | Huijsdens et al., 2002 [19] |
Reverse primer | CGGGTAACGTCAATGAGCAAA | 59 | ||
Probe | 6-FAM-TATTAACTTTACTCCCTTCCTCCCCGCTGAA-TAMRA | 68 | ||
Lactobacillus spp. (92 bp) | Forward primer | TGG ATG CCT TGG CAC TAG GA | 58 | Haarman & Knol, 2006 [20] |
Reverse primer | AAA TCT CCG GAT CAA AGC TTA CTTAT | 58 | ||
Probe | VIC-TATTAGTTCCGTCCTTCATC-NFQ-MGB | 68 | ||
Clostridium Cluster XI (139 pb) | Forward primer | ACGCTACTT GAGGAGGA | 58 | Nakamura et al., 2009 [21] |
Reverse primer | GAGCCG TAG CCT TTC ACT | 58 | ||
Probe | 6-FAM-GTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACG-TAMRA | 63 | ||
Bacteroides fragilis (99 bp) | Forward primer | CTACAGGCTTAACACATGCAAGTC | 54 | This study |
Reverse primer | GCAGGTTGGATACGTGTTACTCA | 54 | ||
Probe | 6-FAM-TCGCCAGCAAAGAAA-NFQ-MGB | 64 | ||
Veillonella spp. (128 bp) | Forward primer | ATCAACCTGCCCTTCAGAGG | 54 | This study |
Reverse primer | AATCCCCTCCTTCAGTGATAGCTTA | 54 | ||
Probe | 6-FAM-TAGCAGTCGTTTCCAACTGT-NFQ-MGB | 68 | ||
Total Count (467 bp) | Forward primer | TCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGT | 59 | Nadkarni et al., 2002 [22] |
Reverse primer | GGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTT | 58 | ||
Probe | 6-FAM-CGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCAC-BHQ1 | 70 |
2.4. Saliva IgA
2.5. C-Reactive Protein and Serum Ferritin, Triglycerides, Cholesterol, and Lipoproteins
2.6. Bone Metabolism
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Feeding Frequency
3.2. Changes in Gut Microbiota
3.3. Immune Response
Variable | Probiotics + Metlin + Metlos (n = 93) | Probiotics + Metlin (n = 93) | Probiotics + Metlos (n = 89) | Probiotics (n = 89) | Only Formula (n = 89) | Breast Milk (n = 147) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IgA in Saliva Basal (μg/mL) (X ± SD) | 11.8 ± 8.5 | 14.1 ± 10.1 | 12.1 ± 8.3 | 11.6 ± 7.7 | 14.0 ± 9.9 | 13.9 ± 9.3 |
IgA in Saliva Final (μg/mL) (X ± SD) | 26.6 ± 11.8 | 24.8 ± 13.3 | 23.1 ± 11.4 | 21.3 ± 8.9 | 21.7 ± 9.7 | 24.4 ± 11.4 |
Differences IgA in Saliva (μg/mL) (X ± SD) | 17.7 ± 8.1 ** | 13.9 ± 6.5 | 12.6 ± 7.5 | 11.1 ± 10.5 | 9.6 ± 6.1 | 12.3 ± 8.3 |
3.4. C-Reactive Protein, Serum Ferritin, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, and Lipoproteins
Group | n | C-Protein Initial (mg/dL) Median Mean 95%CI | C-Protein Final (mg/dL) Median Mean 95%CI | Ferritin Initial (ng/mL) Median Mean 95%CI | Ferritin Final (ng/mL) Median Mean 95%CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Probiotics + Metlin + Metlos | 27 | 0.290 | 328.0 | 146.0 | |
0.329 | 382.74 | 155.26 | |||
0.248 to 0.410 | 318.1 to 447.2 | 113.3 to 197.2 | |||
Probiotics + Metlin | 32 | 0.290 | 348.5 | 147.5 | |
0.296 | 379.46 | 161.0 | |||
0.282 to 0.310 | 333.4 to 425.4 | 121.0 to 200.9 | |||
Probiotics + Metlos | 25 | 0.290 | 264 | 129.0 | |
0.295 | 281.96 | 131.05 | |||
0.287 to 0.302 | 244.5 to 319.3 | 97.4 to 167.7 | |||
Probiotics | 31 | 0.290 | 0.290 | 331.0 | 125 |
0.297 | 0.402 | 337.28 | 135.78 | ||
0.285 to 0.308 | 0.173 to 0.631 | 283.1 to 391.4 | 98.31 to 173.2 | ||
Only formula | 20 | 0.290 | 321 | 137.5 | |
0.291 | 330.65 | 153.43 | |||
0.288 to 0.294 | 262.3 to 398.9 | 111.3 to 195.5 | |||
Breast Milk | 56 | 0.290 | 360.0 | 134.0 | |
348.11 | 154.76 | ||||
0.374 to 0.484 | 306.1 to 390.0 | 126.9 to 182.6 |
Parameter | Group Probiotics + Metlin + Metlos (n = 93) | Group Probiotics + Metlin (n = 93) | Group Probiotics + Metlos (n = 89) | Group Probiotics (n = 89) | Group only Formula (n = 89) | Group Breast Milk (n = 147) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Triglycerides (mg/Dl) | 121 ± 8 * | 124 ± 23 | 126 ± 40 | 125 ± 18 | 142 ± 30 | 123 ± 11 |
Total Cholesterol (mg/Dl) | 123 ± 6 | 125 ± 13 | 124 ± 17 | 124 ± 8 | 132 ± 11 | 120 ± 19 |
HDL-Cholesterol | 48 ± 7 * | 41 ± 7 | 43 ± 11 | 42 ± 10 | 32 ± 6 | 49 ± 11 |
LDL-Cholesterol | 38 ± 7 * | 38 ± 8 | 40 ± 6 | 41 ± 16 | 65 ± 14 | 36 ± 11 |
VLDL-Cholesterol | 25 ± 11 | 27 ± 14 | 27 ± 8 | 26 ± 17 | 28 ± 4 | 23 ± 11 |
3.5. Bone Metabolism
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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López-Velázquez, G.; Parra-Ortiz, M.; Mora, I.D.l.M.-D.l.; García-Torres, I.; Enríquez-Flores, S.; Alcántara-Ortigoza, M.A.; Angel, A.G.-d.; Velázquez-Aragón, J.; Ortiz-Hernández, R.; Cruz-Rubio, J.M.; et al. Effects of Fructans from Mexican Agave in Newborns Fed with Infant Formula: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2015, 7, 8939-8951. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115442
López-Velázquez G, Parra-Ortiz M, Mora IDlM-Dl, García-Torres I, Enríquez-Flores S, Alcántara-Ortigoza MA, Angel AG-d, Velázquez-Aragón J, Ortiz-Hernández R, Cruz-Rubio JM, et al. Effects of Fructans from Mexican Agave in Newborns Fed with Infant Formula: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2015; 7(11):8939-8951. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115442
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez-Velázquez, Gabriel, Minerva Parra-Ortiz, Ignacio De la Mora-De la Mora, Itzhel García-Torres, Sergio Enríquez-Flores, Miguel Angel Alcántara-Ortigoza, Ariadna González-del Angel, José Velázquez-Aragón, Rosario Ortiz-Hernández, José Manuel Cruz-Rubio, and et al. 2015. "Effects of Fructans from Mexican Agave in Newborns Fed with Infant Formula: A Randomized Controlled Trial" Nutrients 7, no. 11: 8939-8951. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115442