Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Body Mass Index in a Large Sample of Middle-Aged Australian Men and Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Materials
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Men | Women | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 116,029) | (n = 130,966) | (n = 246,995) | |
(%) | (%) | (%) | |
Age (year) | |||
45–49 | (9.8) | (13.1) | (11.6) |
50–59 | (30.7) | (35.9) | (33.5) |
60–69 | (29.3) | (27.5) | (28.4) |
70–79 | (18.5) | (14.2) | (16.2) |
80–89 | (10.9) | (8.5) | (9.6) |
90+ | (0.7) | (0.8) | (0.8) |
Place of Residence | |||
Major city | (46.3) | (44.2) | (45.2) |
Inner regional | (34.4) | (35.9) | (35.2) |
Outer regional | (17.4) | (17.9) | (17.7) |
Remote | (1.9) | (2.0) | (2.0) |
Highest Educational Qualification | |||
No qualification | (10.5) | (12.0) | (11.3) |
School leaving certificate | (24.8) | (37.8) | (31.7) |
Trade/certificate | (37.8) | (26.8) | (32.0) |
University | (25.3) | (22.1) | (23.6) |
Missing | (1.5) | (1.4) | (1.4) |
Marital Status | |||
Single | (5.9) | (5.4) | (5.7) |
Married | (74.7) | (64.7) | (69.4) |
Partner | (5.5) | (5.4) | (5.4) |
Widowed | (4.8) | (11.8) | (8.5) |
Divorced | (5.5) | (9.5) | (7.6) |
Separated | (2.7) | (2.9) | (2.8) |
Missing | (1.0) | (0.4) | (0.6) |
Men n = 116,029 n (%) | Women
n = 130,966 n (%) | Total n = 246,995 n (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Fruit Intake | |||
<2 servings/daily (Low) | 54,546 (47.0) | 44,397 (33.9) | 98,943 (40.1) |
≥2 servings/daily (Adequate) | 51,452 (44.3) | 77,876 (59.5) | 129,328 (52.4) |
Missing * | 10,031 (8.6) | 8693 (6.6) | 18,724 (7.6) |
Vegetable Intake | |||
<5 servings/daily (Low) | 86,664 (74.7) | 77,878 (59.5) | 164,542 (66.6) |
≥5 servings/daily (Adequate) | 19,623 (16.9) | 37,442 (28.6) | 57,065 (23.1) |
Missing * | 9742 (8.4) | 15,646 (11.9) | 25,388 (10.3) |
Fruit and Vegetable Intake (“2 & 5”) | |||
Low (<2F and/or <5V) | 88,171 (76.0) | 84,331 (64.4) | 172,502 (69.8) |
Adequate (at least 2F and 5V) | 11,308 (9.7) | 26,101 (19.9) | 37 409 (15.1) |
Missing * | 16,550 (14.3) | 20,534 (15.7) | 37,084 (15.0) |
Body Mass Index | |||
Underweight (BMI <18.5) | 867 (0.7) | 2494 (1.9) | 3361 (1.4) |
Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9) | 35,118 (30.3) | 53,781 (41.1) | 88,899 (36.0) |
Overweight (BMI 25–29.9) | 54,719 (47.2) | 44,346 (33.9) | 99,065 (40.1) |
Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 25,325 (21.8) | 30,345 (23.2) | 55,670 (22.5) |
Highest Vegetable Quartile | Highest Fruit Quartile | Highest F & V Quartile | 2F & 5V = Yes | 5 Per Day = Yes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
BMI categories—Women | |||||
Normal weight * (BMI 18.5–24.9) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 0.84 (0.73; 0.97) | 0.86 (0.71; 1.04) | 0.79 (0.69; 0.91) | 0.86 (0.76; 0.97) | 0.78 (0.71; 0.86) |
Overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9) | 1.09 (1.04; 1.14) | 0.85 (0.80; 0.90) | 1.06 (1.02; 1.11) | 1.05 (1.02; 1.09) | 1.06 (1.03; 1.09) |
Obese (BMI ≥ 30.0) | 1.18 (1.12; 1.24) | 0.75 (0.69; 0.80) | 1.10 (1.05; 1.16) | 1.06 (1.02, 1.11) | 1.11 (1.07; 1.15) |
BMI categories—Men | |||||
Normal weight * (BMI 18.5–24.9) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 0.85 (0.68; 1.07) | 0.69 (0.54; 0.87) | 0.76 (0.59; 0.97) | 0.73 (0.54; 0.99) | 0.82 (0.69; 0.97) |
Overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9) | 0.94 (0.90; 0.98) | 0.92 (0.89; 0.96) | 0.94 (0.90; 0.98) | 0.98 (0.94; 1.03) | 0.95 (0.92; 0.98) |
Obese (BMI ≥ 30.0) | 1.05 (1.00; 1.10) | 0.99 (0.94; 1.04) | 1.05 (1.00; 1.11) | 1.07 (1.01; 1.14) | 1.00 (0.96; 1.04) |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Charlton, K.; Kowal, P.; Soriano, M.M.; Williams, S.; Banks, E.; Vo, K.; Byles, J. Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Body Mass Index in a Large Sample of Middle-Aged Australian Men and Women. Nutrients 2014, 6, 2305-2319. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062305
Charlton K, Kowal P, Soriano MM, Williams S, Banks E, Vo K, Byles J. Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Body Mass Index in a Large Sample of Middle-Aged Australian Men and Women. Nutrients. 2014; 6(6):2305-2319. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062305
Chicago/Turabian StyleCharlton, Karen, Paul Kowal, Melinda M. Soriano, Sharon Williams, Emily Banks, Kha Vo, and Julie Byles. 2014. "Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Body Mass Index in a Large Sample of Middle-Aged Australian Men and Women" Nutrients 6, no. 6: 2305-2319. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062305