Dietary Patterns of Infants and Toddlers Are Associated with Nutrient Intakes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. ALSPAC Dietary Data
2.1.1. Dietary Patterns at 6 and 15 Months of Age
2.1.2. Nutrient Intake at 8 and 18 Months of Age
2.2. Descriptive Characteristics
2.3. Statistical Methods
3. Results
6–8 Months | 15–18 Months | Core Cohort | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 725 | n = 535 | n = 13,978 * | ||
Maternal characteristics | ||||
Mothers age (year) † | 29.3 ± 4.4 | 29.0 ± 4.4 | 28.0 ± 5.0 | |
Parity (n%) | ||||
Primiparous | 342 (47) | 243 (45) | 5772 (41) | |
Multiparous | 369 (51) | 287 (54) | 7157 (52) | |
Missing | 14 (2) | 5 (1) | 1049 (8) | |
Highest education (n%) ‡ | ||||
CSE | 77 (11) | 48 (9) | 2504 (18) | |
Vocational | 67 (9) | 55 (10) | 1224 (9) | |
O levels | 244 (33) | 208 (39) | 4296 (31) | |
A levels | 202 (28) | 146 (27) | 2794 (20) | |
Degree | 120 (16) | 71 (13) | 1600 (11) | |
Missing | 15 (2) | 7 (1) | 1560 (11) | |
Mothers social class (n%) ‡ | ||||
I | 39 (5) | 21 (4) | 591 (4) | |
II | 206 (28) | 160 (30) | 3169 (23) | |
III (non-manual) | 270 (37) | 218 (41) | 4304 (31) | |
III (manual) | 44 (6) | 27 (5) | 789 (6) | |
IV | 44 (6) | 27 (5) | 992 (7) | |
V | 8 (1) | 9 (2) | 218 (2) | |
Missing | 114 (16) | 73 (14) | 3915 (28) | |
Financial Difficulties (n%) ‡ | ||||
None | 639 (88) | 479 (89) | 10,884 (78) | |
Some | 45 (6) | 33 (6) | 1204 (9) | |
Missing | 41 (6) | 23 (4) | 1890 (14) | |
Smoking (n%) ‡ | ||||
Never | 388 (54) | 284 (53) | 5804 (42) | |
Quit | 223 (31) | 168 (31) | 3457 (25) | |
In pregnancy | 99 (14) | 75 (14) | 2173 (16) | |
Missing | 15 (2) | 8 (2) | 2544 (18) | |
Partnered (n%) ‡ | ||||
Yes | 594 (82) | 434 (81) | 10,119 (72) | |
No | 126 (17) | 98 (18) | 3387 (24) | |
Missing | 5 (1) | 3 (1) | 472 (3) | |
Infants characteristics | ||||
Sex (n%) ‡ | ||||
Male | 389 (53) | 299 (56) | 7220 (52) | |
Female | 346 (47) | 236 (44) | 6756 (48) | |
Multiplicity (n%) ‡ | ||||
Singleton | 716 (97) | 527 (99) | 13,617 (97) | |
Twin | 9 (1) | 8 (1) | 361 (3) | |
Birth weight (kg) † | 3.47 ± 0.51 | 3.46 ± 0.50 | 3.39 ± 0.51 |
3.1. Associations between Dietary Patterns at 6 Months and Nutrient Intakes at 8 Months
Home-made traditional | Discretionary | Ready-prepared baby food | Breastfeeding | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | p † | T1 | T2 | T3 | p † | T1 | T2 | T3 | p † | T1 | T2 | T3 | p † | |
n | 242 | 242 | 241 | 242 | 242 | 241 | 242 | 242 | 241 | 242 | 242 | 241 | ||||
Tot E (MJ) | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.5 | <0.0005 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 0.27 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 0.01 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 0.08 |
Protein (g) | 25.4 | 27.4 | 28.7 | <0.0005 | 27.4 | 26.6 | 27.3 | 0.49 | 27.8 | 26.6 | 27.3 | 0.11 | 27.5 | 27.4 | 26.5 | 0.03 |
Fat (g) | 33.3 | 33.0 | 33.0 | 0.90 | 32.8 | 33.3 | 33.2 | 0.22 | 33.5 | 33.8 | 32.2 | 0.003 | 32.8 | 32.9 | 33.7 | 0.11 |
SFA (g) | 14.4 | 14.3 | 14.1 | 0.80 | 14.0 | 14.1 | 14.5 | 0.04 | 14.6 | 14.3 | 13.6 | 0.02 | 14.0 | 14.1 | 14.4 | 0.29 |
MUFA (g) | 11.8 | 11.7 | 11.4 | 0.08 | 11.5 | 11.9 | 11.5 | 0.41 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.4 | 0.03 | 11.6 | 11.5 | 11.8 | 0.19 |
PUFA (g) | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 0.61 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 0.04 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 0.13 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 0.30 |
CHO (g) | 109 | 109 | 106 | 0.01 | 108 | 108 | 108 | 0.93 | 105 | 108 | 110 | <0.0005 | 108 | 108 | 108 | 0.80 |
Starch (g) | 36.8 | 37.9 | 36.7 | 0.33 | 35.9 | 36.5 | 38.2 | 0.02 | 35.9 | 36.3 | 39.0 | <0.0005 | 37.0 | 35.6 | 38.8 | 0.12 |
Total sugars (g) | 71.1 | 70.3 | 69.5 | 0.03 | 70.9 | 70.9 | 68.5 | 0.01 | 70.9 | 70.4 | 69.7 | 0.37 | 70.8 | 72.0 | 68.5 | 0.06 |
NSP (g) | 3.3 | 4.2 | 4.7 | <0.0005 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 0.01 | 4.5 | 3.9 | 3.8 | <0.0005 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 4.5 | <0.0005 |
Sodium (mg) | 532 | 546 | 644 | <0.0005 | 544 | 551 | 615 | <0.0005 | 598 | 543 | 559 | 0.02 | 573 | 549 | 591 | 0.60 |
Potassium (mg) | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | <0.0005 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.21 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.17 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.68 |
Calcium (mg) | 662 | 615 | 598 | <0.0005 | 623 | 613 | 645 | 0.25 | 584 | 634 | 660 | <0.0005 | 650 | 650 | 578 | <0.0005 |
Iron (mg) | 8.7 | 8.2 | 7.1 | <0.0005 | 7.9 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 0.78 | 7.1 | 8.1 | 9.0 | <0.0005 | 8.2 | 8.5 | 6.9 | <0.0005 |
Zinc (mg) | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 0.65 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.4 | <0.0005 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 0.38 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.2 | <0.0005 |
Phosph (mg) | 580 | 586 | 596 | 0.41 | 593 | 575 | 599 | 0.27 | 577 | 585 | 597 | 0.01 | 614 | 597 | 556 | <0.0005 |
Magnesium (mg) | 98 | 103 | 109 | <0.0005 | 104 | 102 | 105 | 0.68 | 104 | 103 | 102 | 0.14 | 103 | 103 | 104 | 0.61 |
Copper (mg) | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.54 | <0.0005 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.56 | <0.0005 | 0.54 | 0.58 | 0.61 | <0.0005 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.80 |
Manganese (mg) | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.01 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.32 | 0.96 | 0.92 | 0.98 | 0.77 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 1.00 | 0.002 |
Selenium (µg) | 11.8 | 13.6 | 17.7 | <0.0005 | 13.4 | 13.8 | 15.4 | 0.03 | 16.2 | 13.5 | 12.7 | <0.0005 | 12.8 | 13.1 | 16.5 | <0.0005 |
Iodine (µg) | 75 | 78 | 80 | 0.02 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 0.79 | 78 | 77 | 79 | 0.62 | 76 | 78 | 78 | 0.64 |
Thiamine (mg) | 0.95 | 0.90 | 0.81 | <0.0005 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.95 | 0.77 | 0.91 | 0.97 | <0.0005 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.80 | <0.0005 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 1.20 | 1.19 | 1.17 | 0.56 | 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.21 | 0.06 | 1.14 | 1.19 | 1.23 | 0.001 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.05 | <0.0005 |
Niacin Eq (mg) | 12.8 | 13.3 | 13.7 | <0.0005 | 13.7 | 13.3 | 13.0 | 0.01 | 13.4 | 13.1 | 13.3 | 0.55 | 13.4 | 13.5 | 12.8 | 0.04 |
Folate (µg) | 95 | 99 | 104 | <0.0005 | 103 | 99 | 95 | <0.0005 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 0.22 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 0.75 |
Vit. B 6 (mg) | 0.65 | 0.72 | 0.80 | <0.0005 | 0.75 | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.004 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.005 | 0.72 | 0.74 | 0.70 | 0.12 |
Vit. B12 (µg) | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.19 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 0.28 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.84 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.7 | <0.0005 |
Vit. C (mg) | 84 | 77 | 70 | <0.0005 | 82 | 77 | 74 | 0.012 | 66 | 81 | 86 | <0.0005 | 84 | 85 | 67 | <0.0005 |
Vit. D (µg) | 5.8 | 5.3 | 4.8 | <0.0005 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 4.5 | 0.005 | 4.8 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 0.02 | 5.7 | 6.3 | 2.4 | <0.0005 |
Vit. E (mg) | 5.5 | 5.3 | 4.8 | <0.0005 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 0.002 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 0.003 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 4.6 | <0.0005 |
Retinol Eq (µg) | 902 | 863 | 802 | <0.0005 | 887 | 875 | 775 | <0.0005 | 820 | 870 | 893 | 0.006 | 868 | 937 | 770 | 0.001 |
3.2. Associations between Dietary Patterns at 15 Months and Nutrient Intakes at 18 Months
Home-Made Contemporary | Discretionary | Ready-Prepared Baby Foods | Home-Made Traditional | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | p † | T1 | T2 | T3 | p † | T1 | T2 | T3 | p † | T1 | T2 | T3 | p † | |
n | 179 | 178 | 178 | 179 | 178 | 178 | 179 | 178 | 178 | 179 | 178 | 178 | ||||
Tot E (MJ) | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 0.23 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 0.05 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 0.06 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 0.52 |
Protein (g) | 40.9 | 41.2 | 41.4 | 0.44 | 41.9 | 41.3 | 40.1 | 0.001 | 42.1 | 41.0 | 40.7 | 0.12 | 40.1 | 40.9 | 42.6 | <0.001 |
Fat (g) | 48.0 | 47.1 | 46.6 | 0.006 | 47.3 | 46.9 | 47.0 | 0.71 | 47.7 | 46.8 | 46.8 | 0.08 | 47.0 | 47.2 | 47.1 | 0.69 |
SFA (g) | 23.4 | 23.1 | 21.8 | <0.0005 | 22.8 | 22.8 | 22.4 | 0.90 | 23.0 | 22.2 | 22.7 | 0.63 | 21.8 | 23.2 | 22.8 | 0.03 |
MUFA (g) | 15.2 | 14.7 | 14.9 | 0.007 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 0.51 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 14.9 | 0.34 | 15.0 | 14.8 | 15.0 | 0.89 |
PUFA (g) | 4.7 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 0.002 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 0.89 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 4.7 | 0.11 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 0.04 |
CHO (g) | 134 | 137 | 137 | 0.07 | 135 | 136 | 137 | 0.18 | 133 | 136 | 137 | 0.03 | 139 | 134 | 136 | 0.03 |
Starch (g) | 59.9 | 59.9 | 58.7 | 0.35 | 57.3 | 61.6 | 60.1 | 0.05 | 60.0 | 59.9 | 58.8 | 0.32 | 61.3 | 58.1 | 59.6 | 0.17 |
Total sugars (g) | 71.7 | 72.8 | 76.9 | 0.002 | 74.4 | 73.5 | 74.0 | 0.67 | 71.7 | 73.6 | 76.7 | 0.004 | 74.6 | 72.9 | 73.5 | 0.52 |
NSP (g) | 6.0 | 6.3 | 6.9 | <0.0005 | 6.8 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 0.01 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 0.69 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 0.99 |
Sodium (g) | 1.38 | 1.43 | 1.36 | 0.89 | 1.38 | 1.40 | 1.42 | 0.07 | 1.45 | 1.41 | 1.35 | 0.001 | 1.39 | 1.41 | 1.38 | 0.97 |
Potassium (g) | 1.68 | 1.71 | 1.80 | <0.005 | 1.78 | 1.70 | 1.71 | 0.01 | 1.69 | 1.71 | 1.63 | 0.19 | 1.72 | 1.69 | 1.46 | 0.15 |
Calcium (mg) | 825 | 820 | 758 | 0.03 | 834 | 785 | 779 | 0.005 | 814 | 783 | 812 | 0.80 | 764 | 810 | 817 | 0.02 |
Iron (mg) | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 0.07 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 0.003 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 0.003 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 0.07 |
Zinc (mg) | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 0.70 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 4.6 | <0.0005 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 0.97 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 0.07 |
Phosphorous (mg) | 890 | 873 | 873 | 0.77 | 900 | 876 | 860 | <0.0005 | 884 | 869 | 886 | 0.87 | 866 | 871 | 901 | 0.002 |
Magnesium (mg) | 146 | 150 | 158 | <0.0005 | 157 | 151 | 144 | <0.0005 | 149 | 151 | 152 | 0.58 | 152 | 149 | 152 | 0.50 |
Copper (mg) | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.46 | <0.0005 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.07 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.45 | 0.002 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.03 |
Manganese (mg) | 1.17 | 1.17 | 1.36 | <0.0005 | 1.36 | 1.19 | 1.18 | 0.004 | 1.21 | 1.30 | 1.18 | 0.37 | 1.30 | 1.24 | 1.17 | 0.23 |
Selenium (µg) | 31.1 | 32.9 | 34.3 | <0.0005 | 34.0 | 33.4 | 31.9 | 0.03 | 33.7 | 33.6 | 30.9 | 0.03 | 33.3 | 33.1 | 32.7 | 0.92 |
Iodine (µg) | 176 | 172 | 171 | 0.85 | 182 | 151 | 176 | 0.22 | 186 | 169 | 163 | 0.19 | 143 | 176 | 188 | 0.01 |
Thiamine (mg) | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.43 | 0.87 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.001 | 0.82 | 0.83 | 0.87 | 0.01 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.86 | 0.17 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 1.54 | 1.50 | 1.44 | 0.15 | 1.55 | 1.49 | 1.44 | 0.003 | 1.51 | 1.44 | 1.52 | 0.75 | 1.42 | 1.50 | 1.55 | 0.003 |
Niacin Eq (mg) | 16.1 | 16.7 | 17.0 | 0.01 | 17.0 | 16.7 | 16.4 | 0.003 | 16.8 | 16.7 | 16.2 | 0.04 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 17.1 | 0.009 |
Folate (µg) | 124 | 126 | 131 | 0.001 | 132 | 125 | 123 | 0.001 | 125 | 130 | 127 | 0.75 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 0.54 |
Vit. B 6 (mg) | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.12 | 0.08 | 1.15 | 1.03 | 1.07 | 0.02 | 1.08 | 1.12 | 1.05 | 0.21 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.09 | 0.34 |
Vit. B12 (µg) | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 0.53 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 0.08 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 0.50 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 0.01 |
Vit. C (mg) | 32 | 36 | 47 | <0.0005 | 44 | 39 | 34 | 0.003 | 32 | 42 | 44 | <0.0005 | 41 | 35 | 39 | 0.44 |
Vit. D (µg) | 1.15 | 1.16 | 1.91 | 0.43 | 1.20 | 1.16 | 1.15 | 0.08 | 1.19 | 1.15 | 1.11 | 0.14 | 1.21 | 1.25 | 1.06 | 0.001 |
Vit. E (mg) | 4.03 | 3.96 | 4.37 | 0.06 | 4.05 | 4.07 | 4.14 | 0.36 | 4.06 | 4.19 | 4.00 | 0.78 | 4.37 | 4.06 | 3.86 | 0.004 |
Retinol Eq (µg) | 611 | 566 | 554 | 0.02 | 597 | 578 | 545 | 0.03 | 540 | 560 | 624 | 0.001 | 589 | 577 | 571 | 0.95 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
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Smithers, L.G.; Golley, R.K.; Brazionis, L.; Emmett, P.; Northstone, K.; Lynch, J.W. Dietary Patterns of Infants and Toddlers Are Associated with Nutrient Intakes. Nutrients 2012, 4, 935-948. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu4080935
Smithers LG, Golley RK, Brazionis L, Emmett P, Northstone K, Lynch JW. Dietary Patterns of Infants and Toddlers Are Associated with Nutrient Intakes. Nutrients. 2012; 4(8):935-948. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu4080935
Chicago/Turabian StyleSmithers, Lisa G., Rebecca K. Golley, Laima Brazionis, Pauline Emmett, Kate Northstone, and John W. Lynch. 2012. "Dietary Patterns of Infants and Toddlers Are Associated with Nutrient Intakes" Nutrients 4, no. 8: 935-948. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu4080935