Interplay Between Diet, Branched-Chain Amino Acids, and Myokines in Children: Vegetarian Versus Traditional Eating Habits
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Anthropometric and Nutritional Measurements
2.3. Biochemical Analyses
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vegetarians (n = 42) | Omnivores (n = 22) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Boys, n (%) | 21 (50%) | 11 (50%) | |
Age (years) | 6.3 (5.4–8.4) | 6.0 (4.8–7.5) | 0.197 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 15.3 ± 1.4 | 15.2 ± 1.2 | 0.561 |
Energy (kcal/d) | 1349 (1056–1634) | 1476 (1261–1736) | 0.210 |
Carbohydrates, % of energy | 56.1 ± 4.5 | 52.0 ± 5.2 | 0.007 |
Fat, % of energy | 29.2 ± 4.4 | 29.8 ± 5.6 | 0.867 |
Protein, % of energy | 12.1 ± 2.2 | 15.9 ± 4.1 | <0.001 |
Protein (g/d) | 34.5 (27.8–42.3) | 54.8 (44.8–67.7) | <0.001 |
Animal protein (g/d) | 13.3 (5.2–17.6) | 36.9 (27.5–46.7) | <0.001 |
Plant protein (g/d) | 21.9 (18.1–26.3) | 18.8 (14.7–22.2) | 0.026 |
Dietary leucine (mg/d) | 2734 (2063–3408) | 4275 (3175–5338) | <0.001 |
Dietary isoleucine (mg/d) | 1635 (1280–2083) | 2670 (1924–3310) | <0.001 |
Dietary valine (mg/d) | 2024 (1581–2584) | 2670 (1924–3310) | 0.010 |
Dietary lysine (mg/d) | 1956 (1470–2376) | 3762 (2755–4729) | <0.001 |
Vegetarians | Omnivores | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Albumin (mg/mL) | 51.1 (45.7–56.5) | 62.8 (56.6–68.2) | <0.001 |
Leucine (µmol/L) | 109 (94–124) | 115 (92–146) | 0.280 |
Isoleucine (µmol/L) | 51 (43–63) | 57 (51–76) | 0.031 |
Valine (µmol/L) | 186 (166–209) | 206 (176–267) | 0.045 |
Lysine (µmol/L) | 123 (88–151) | 147 (115–174) | 0.022 |
FSTL-1 (ng/mL) | 7.7 (6.5–9.4) | 9.7 (7.5–13.9) | 0.012 |
MSTN (ng/mL) | 1.1 (0.7–2.2) | 1.4 (0.9–2.4) | 0.264 |
Myonectin (ng/mL) | 7.0 (4.8–8.7) | 8.1 (6.4–8.9) | 0.129 |
Leucine | Isoleucine | Valine | Lysine | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rho * | p | Rho * | p | Rho * | p | Rho * | p | |
Age | −0.044 | 0.728 | −0.024 | 0.849 | −0.020 | 0.877 | 0.099 | 0.435 |
BMI | 0.129 | 0.325 | −0.023 | 0.860 | 0.078 | 0.551 | 0.042 | 0.753 |
Energy | 0.094 | 0.475 | −0.157 | 0.231 | −0.109 | 0.407 | −0.296 | 0.022 |
Protein | 0.151 | 0.257 | 0.139 | 0.297 | 0.343 | 0.008 | 0.344 | 0.008 |
Animal protein | 0.118 | 0.376 | 0.197 | 0.138 | 0.300 | 0.022 | 0.288 | 0.028 |
Plant protein | 0.128 | 0.337 | −0.039 | 0.773 | 0.132 | 0.322 | 0.111 | 0.408 |
Dietary leucine | 0.037 | 0.780 | 0.059 | 0.658 | 0.251 | 0.057 | 0.262 | 0.047 |
Dietary isoleucine | 0.035 | 0.796 | 0.062 | 0.643 | 0.256 | 0.052 | 0.254 | 0.054 |
Dietary valine | 0.028 | 0.836 | 0.023 | 0.863 | 0.247 | 0.061 | 0.227 | 0.086 |
Dietary lysine | 0.070 | 0.602 | 0.126 | 0.347 | 0.301 | 0.022 | 0.304 | 0.022 |
Leucine | Isoleucine | Valine | Lysine | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rho * | p | Rho * | p | Rho * | p | Rho * | p | |
Age | 0.012 | 0.942 | 0.110 | 0.490 | 0.108 | 0.197 | 0.286 | 0.066 |
BMI | 0.013 | 0.935 | −0.113 | 0.476 | −0.007 | 0.964 | −0.081 | 0.610 |
Energy | −0.069 | 0.673 | −0.186 | 0.251 | −0.165 | 0.308 | −0.377 | 0.018 |
Protein | 0.304 | 0.064 | 0.184 | 0.268 | 0.467 | 0.003 | 0.461 | 0.004 |
Animal protein | 0.201 | 0.226 | 0.157 | 0.345 | 0.309 | 0.059 | 0.289 | 0.078 |
Plant protein | 0.232 | 0.161 | 0.059 | 0.727 | 0.294 | 0.073 | 0.321 | 0.057 |
Dietary leucine | 0.224 | 0.176 | 0.143 | 0.393 | 0.385 | 0.017 | 0.409 | 0.011 |
Dietary isoleucine | 0.214 | 0.196 | 0.147 | 0.377 | 0.375 | 0.020 | 0.398 | 0.013 |
Dietary valine | 0.226 | 0.172 | 0.147 | 0.377 | 0.397 | 0.014 | 0.417 | 0.009 |
Dietary lysine | 0.170 | 0.308 | 0.128 | 0.444 | 0.348 | 0.032 | 0.361 | 0.026 |
FSTL-1 | MSTN | Myonectin | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rho * | p | Rho * | p | Rho * | p | |
Age | −0.008 | 0.957 | −0.442 | <0.001 | −0.232 | 0.065 |
BMI | 0.074 | 0.604 | −0.069 | 0.601 | 0.076 | 0.565 |
Energy intake | −0.044 | 0.761 | 0.152 | 0.246 | 0.119 | 0.364 |
Protein intake | 0.278 | 0.054 | 0.124 | 0.352 | 0.093 | 0.485 |
Animal protein | 0.335 | 0.010 | 0.334 | 0.019 | 0.277 | 0.035 |
Plant protein | −0.141 | 0.334 | −0.102 | 0.445 | −0.306 | 0.019 |
Dietary leucine | 0.253 | 0.080 | 0.141 | 0.292 | −0.149 | 0.263 |
Dietary isoleucine | 0.267 | 0.064 | 0.164 | 0.219 | −0.128 | 0.339 |
Dietary valine | 0.214 | 0.139 | 0.119 | 0.374 | −0.165 | 0.216 |
Dietary lysine | 0.288 | 0.045 | 0.229 | 0.084 | 0.049 | 0.714 |
Serum leucine | 0.104 | 0.452 | 0.118 | 0.351 | 0.098 | 0.443 |
Serum isoleucine | 0.140 | 0.313 | 0.045 | 0.722 | 0.146 | 0.251 |
Serum valine | 0.155 | 0.264 | 0.101 | 0.429 | 0.107 | 0.402 |
Serum lysine | 0.135 | 0.332 | 0.045 | 0.725 | 0.035 | 0.783 |
Serum albumin | 0.215 | 0.119 | 0.188 | 0.136 | 0.177 | 0.162 |
FSTL-1 | - | - | 0.027 | 0.847 | 0.054 | 0.697 |
MSTN | - | - | 0.261 | 0.038 |
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Ambroszkiewicz, J.; Chełchowska, M.; Mazur, J.; Rowicka, G.; Klemarczyk, W.; Strucińska, M.; Gajewska, J. Interplay Between Diet, Branched-Chain Amino Acids, and Myokines in Children: Vegetarian Versus Traditional Eating Habits. Nutrients 2025, 17, 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050834
Ambroszkiewicz J, Chełchowska M, Mazur J, Rowicka G, Klemarczyk W, Strucińska M, Gajewska J. Interplay Between Diet, Branched-Chain Amino Acids, and Myokines in Children: Vegetarian Versus Traditional Eating Habits. Nutrients. 2025; 17(5):834. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050834
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmbroszkiewicz, Jadwiga, Magdalena Chełchowska, Joanna Mazur, Grażyna Rowicka, Witold Klemarczyk, Małgorzata Strucińska, and Joanna Gajewska. 2025. "Interplay Between Diet, Branched-Chain Amino Acids, and Myokines in Children: Vegetarian Versus Traditional Eating Habits" Nutrients 17, no. 5: 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050834
APA StyleAmbroszkiewicz, J., Chełchowska, M., Mazur, J., Rowicka, G., Klemarczyk, W., Strucińska, M., & Gajewska, J. (2025). Interplay Between Diet, Branched-Chain Amino Acids, and Myokines in Children: Vegetarian Versus Traditional Eating Habits. Nutrients, 17(5), 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050834