Breastfeeding Attitudes and Their Associated Factors Among Chinese Nursing Undergraduates: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Setting and Study Participants
2.3. Tools of the Study
2.3.1. The General Information Questionnaire
2.3.2. Comprehensive Breastfeeding Knowledge Scale (CBKS)
2.3.3. Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS)
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Correlations Between CBKS Scores and IIFAS Scores
3.2. Participants’ Demographic Characteristics and Comparison of IIFAS Scores
3.3. The Current Status of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Classification of Infant Feeding Attitudes Are Shown in Table 2 and Table 3
3.4. Stratified Analysis of Participants by IIFAS Classification
3.5. Hierarchical and Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Infant Feeding Attitudes Among Nursing Undergraduates
4.2. Factors Associated with Nursing Undergraduates’ Attitudes Toward Breastfeeding
4.2.1. Influence of CBKS Scores on Attitudes Toward Breastfeeding
4.2.2. Influence of Grade on Breastfeeding Attitudes
4.2.3. Influence of Major on Breastfeeding Attitudes
4.2.4. Influence of Breastfeeding Intentions on Breastfeeding Attitudes
4.2.5. Influence of Feeding Type Before Six Months on Attitudes Toward Breastfeeding
4.3. Implications for Nursing Education
4.4. Limitations
4.5. Recommendations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CBKS | Comprehensive Breastfeeding Knowledge Scale |
IIFAS | Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale |
References
- Roghair, R. Breastfeeding: Benefits to Infant and Mother. Nutrients 2024, 16, 3251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quesada, J.A.; Méndez, I.; Martín-Gil, R. The economic benefits of increasing breastfeeding rates in Spain. Int. Breastfeed. J. 2020, 15, 34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Masi, A.C.; Stewart, C.J. Role of breastfeeding in disease prevention. Microb. Biotechnol. 2024, 17, e14520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goldshtein, I.; Sadaka, Y.; Amit, G.; Kasir, N.; Bourgeron, T.; Warrier, V.; Akiva, P.; Avgil Tsadok, M.; Zimmerman, D.R. Breastfeeding Duration and Child Development. JAMA Netw. Open 2025, 8, e251540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Yang, J.; Li, W.; Wang, N.; Ye, Y.; Yan, S.; Wang, S.; Zeng, T.; Huang, Z.; Zhang, F.; et al. Effects of baby-friendly practices on breastfeeding duration in China: A case-control study. Int. Breastfeed. J. 2020, 15, 92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dai, T.; Wan, J.; Liu, Q.; Liu, X.; Chen, C. Analysis of breastfeeding status and influencing factors among healthcare workers in Southwestern China. Int. Breastfeed. J. 2025, 20, 56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ojantausta, O.; Pöyhönen, N.; Ikonen, R.; Kaunonen, M. Health professionals’ competencies regarding breastfeeding beyond 12 months: A systematic review. Int. Breastfeed. J. 2023, 18, 55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hao, Y.; Wang, L.; Wang, C.; Peng, A.; Gao, W.; Marc, I.; Semenic, S.; Fraser, W.D.; Narayan, A.; Wu, Y.; et al. Breastfeeding Practices and Associated Factors in Shanghai: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Taha, Z.; Garemo, M.; El Ktaibi, F.; Nanda, J. Breastfeeding Practices in the United Arab Emirates: Prenatal Intentions and Postnatal Outcomes. Nutrients 2022, 14, 0806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tello, B.; Hernández, H.; Dueñas-Espín, I.; Tejera, E. The effect of prenatal education on exclusive breastfeeding among women in Quito: Prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2025, 25, 525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Emagneneh, T.; Mulugeta, C.; Alamrew, A.; Ejigu, B.; Abebe, W. Early cessation of exclusive breastfeeding and associated factors in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Nutr. 2025, 12, 1500077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, J.J.; Zhang, Q.N.; Liao, S.S.; Li, J.H.; Zhang, J.D.; Huang, J.Z. Healthcare providers’ perceived barriers to providing breastfeeding support in Northwest rural China. Int. Breastfeed. J. 2024, 19, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Biermann, A.L.; Steinkasserer, L.; Radomsky, L.; von Kaisenberg, C.; Hillemanns, P.; Brodowski, L. Development and prevalence of breastfeeding initiation in a tertiary obstetric center and its influencing factors. Int. Breastfeed. J. 2025, 20, 24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Burns, E.S.; Duursma, L.; Triandafilidis, Z. Breastfeeding support at an Australian Breastfeeding Association drop-in service: A descriptive survey. Int. Breastfeed. J. 2020, 15, 101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morgan, J.; Jones, S.; Brown, A. Exploring the Experiences and Challenges of Breastfeeding Beyond 2 Years in the United Kingdom: A Qualitative Study. Matern. Child. Nutr. 2025, e70072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murad, A.; Renfrew, M.J.; Symon, A.; Whitford, H. Understanding factors affecting breastfeeding practices in one city in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An interpretative phenomenological study. Int. Breastfeed. J. 2021, 16, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, K.; Guo, J.; Deng, W.; Su, Y. The Current Status of Breastfeeding Knowledge and Its Influencing Factors in Nursing Undergraduates: A Cross-Sectional Study in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 2022, 20, 0103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grover-Baltazar, G.A.; Macedo-Ojeda, G.; Elicerio-Conchas, D.; Rodriguez-Sandoval, A.; Martínez-Vizmanos, M.; Díaz-Esquivel, M.A.; Vizmanos, B. Breastfeeding training in Mexican health students may not be enough: A case analysis. Nurse Educ. Today 2022, 108, 105172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, M.; Johansen, C.; Fudolig, M.; Dai, C.L.; Kapukotuwa, S.; Davalos, L.; Bonsu, L. Theory-based antecedents of breastfeeding among pregnant women in the United States. Health Promot. Perspect. 2024, 14, 70–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kapukotuwa, S.; Nerida, T.; Batra, K.; Sharma, M. Utilization of the multi-theory model (MTM) of health behavior change to explain health behaviors: A systematic review. Health Promot. Perspect. 2024, 14, 121–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, W.; Mi, W.; Meng, X.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, P.; Zhou, L. Deep learning and its associated factors among Chinese nursing undergraduates: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Educ. Today 2024, 142, 106356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abbass-Dick, J.; Newport, A.; Pattison, D.; Sun, W.; Kenaszchuk, C.; Dennis, C.L. Development, psychometric assessment, and predictive validity of the comprehensive breastfeeding knowledge scale. Midwifery 2020, 83, 102642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, Q.; Abbass-Dick, J.; Tian, C.; Li, Y.M.; Xiong, D.D.; Dennis, C.L.; Zhao, H. Translation and validation of the Chinese version of the comprehensive breastfeeding knowledge scale (CBKS). Midwifery 2024, 128, 103858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Senghore, T.; Omotosho, T.A.; Ceesay, O.; Williams, D.C.H. Predictors of exclusive breastfeeding knowledge and intention to or practice of exclusive breastfeeding among antenatal and postnatal women receiving routine care: A cross-sectional study. Int. Breastfeed. J. 2018, 13, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ho, Y.J.; McGrath, J.M. A Chinese version of Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale: Reliability and validity assessment. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 2011, 48, 475–478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bień, A.; Kulesza-Brończyk, B.; Przestrzelska, M.; Iwanowicz-Palus, G.; Ćwiek, D. The Attitudes of Polish Women towards Breastfeeding Based on the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS). Nutrients 2021, 13, 4338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yu, C.; Chunmei, L.; Caiping, S. A multicenter cross-sectional survey of the knowledge, attitude, and behaviour of nurses regarding dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery: A prospective multicentre study. BMC Nurs. 2024, 23, 74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reyes, C.; Barakat-Haddad, C.; Barber, W.; Abbass-Dick, J. Investigating the effectiveness of school-based breastfeeding education on breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes and intentions of adolescent females. Midwifery 2019, 70, 64–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, S.F.; Salamonson, Y.; Burns, E.; Schmied, V. Breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes of health professional students: A systematic review. Int. Breastfeed. J. 2018, 13, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmed, A.; el-Guindy, S.R. Breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes among Egyptian baccalaureate students. Int. Nurs. Rev. 2011, 58, 372–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bartkowski, J.P.; Kohler, J.; Xu, X.; Collins, T.; Roach, J.B.; Newkirk, C.; Klee, K. Racial Differences in Breastfeeding on the Mississippi Gulf Coast: Making Sense of a Promotion-Prevalence Paradox with Cross-Sectional Data. Healthcare 2022, 10, 2444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Z.; Ding, Y.; Song, S.; Zhang, Y.; Li, A.; Su, M.; Xu, Y. Factors Affecting the Breastfeeding Duration of Infants and Young Children in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Al Kamsheh, M.; Bornemissza, K.A.; Zimonyi-Bakó, A.; Feith, H.J. Examining Sociocultural Influences on Breastfeeding Attitudes Among Syrian and Hungarian Female Students. Nutrients 2025, 17, 0288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kamsheh, M.A.; Bornemissza, K.A.; Zimonyi-Bakó, A.; Feith, H.J. Breastfeeding Attitudes Among Female Students in Syria and Hungary. Nutrients 2025, 17, 2121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dang, M.T.T.; Lin-Lewry, M.; Nguyen, C.T.T.; Lee, G.T.; Chen, S.R.; Kuo, S.Y. Psychometric Validation of the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale Among Healthcare Students in Vietnam. Healthcare 2025, 13, 1233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pereira, H.; Campos, R.; Silva, P.; Cruz, M. Newborn Feeding Knowledge and Attitudes among Medical Students. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2023, 13, 556–567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bowdler, S.; Nielsen, W.; Moroney, T.; Meedya, S. What knowledge of breastfeeding do nursing students hold and what are the factors influencing this knowledge: An integrative literature review. Nurse Educ. Pract. 2022, 64, 103423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cervera-Gasch, A.; Andreu-Pejó, L.; González-Chordá, V.M.; Lopez-Peña, N.; Valero-Chilleron, M.J.; Roman, P.; León-Larios, F.; Mena-Tudela, D. Breastfeeding knowledge in university nursing students. A multicentre study in Spain. Nurse Educ. Today 2021, 103, 104945. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vandewark, A.C. Breastfeeding attitudes and knowledge in bachelor of science in nursing candidates. J. Perinat. Educ. 2014, 23, 135–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jefferson, U.T. Infant feeding attitudes and breastfeeding intentions of black college students. West. J. Nurs. Res. 2014, 36, 1338–1356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sandhi, A.; Nguyen, C.T.T.; Lin-Lewry, M.; Lee, G.T.; Kuo, S.Y. Effectiveness of breastfeeding educational interventions to improve breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes, and skills among nursing, midwifery, and medical students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Educ. Today 2023, 126, 105813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, S.F.; Schmied, V.; Burns, E.; Salamonson, Y. Breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes of baccalaureate nursing students in Taiwan: A cohort study. Women Birth 2019, 32, e334–e340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moukarzel, S.; Abou Jaoudeh, M.; Farhat, A.; Saade, M.; Mamas, C.; Daly, A.J. Exploring the latitude of attitude: Intentions to breastfeed among adolescents in Lebanese schools. Matern. Child. Nutr. 2020, 16, e12888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ben Natan, M.; Haikin, T.; Wiesel, R. Breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and perception of support from educational institutions among nursing students and students from other faculties: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Nurse Educ. Today 2018, 68, 66–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scott, A.L.; Lambert, A.W.; Wang, C.H.; Johnson, K.V.; Weiss, J.; Stankus, T. University campus breastfeeding, knowledge, and perceptions of support: An exploratory study. PLoS ONE 2023, 18, e0285008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- The Lancet Global, H. Tackling marketing of formula milk: Process matters. Lancet Glob. Health 2022, 10, e448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chakona, G. Social circumstances and cultural beliefs influence maternal nutrition, breastfeeding and child feeding practices in South Africa. Nutr. J. 2020, 19, 47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bartkowski, J.P.; Klee, K.; Xu, X.; Roach, J.B.; Jones, S.K. It Takes a Village: How Community-Based Peer Support for Breastfeeding Bolsters Lactation Prevalence Among Black Mississippians on the Gulf Coast. Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16, 1064–1076. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cantin, C.M.; Peterson, W.E.; Agarwal, A.; Hamid, J.S.; Stortini, B.; Fleming, N. Evaluating Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Adolescents Attending a Co-Designed Breastfeeding Program: A Prospective Pilot Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 2025, 22, 1271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abdulahi, M.; Fretheim, A.; Argaw, A.; Magnus, J.H. Breastfeeding Education and Support to Improve Early Initiation and Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices and Infant Growth: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial from a Rural Ethiopian Setting. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, M.; Xu, M.; Liu, Z.; Ying, Y.; Weng, Q.; O’Subhi, N.; Zhang, Y. Effectiveness of an optional breastfeeding course for multidisciplinary undergraduate healthcare students: A quasi-experimental study. Nurse Educ. Pract. 2023, 69, 103609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, C.W.; Das, S.; Ortega-Gutierrez, S.; Liebeskind, D.S.; Grotta, J.C.; Jovin, T.G.; Nguyen, T.N.; Nogueira, R.G.; Masoud, H.; Elijovich, L.; et al. Education Research: Challenges Faced by Neurology Trainees in a Neuro-Intervention Career Track. Neurology 2021, 96, e2028–e2032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Younas, A.; Zeb, H.; Aziz, S.B.; Sana, S.; Albert, J.S.; Khan, I.U.; Inayat, S.; Khan, F.H.; Rasheed, S.P. Perceived challenges of nurse educators while teaching undergraduate nursing students in Pakistan: An exploratory mixed-methods study. Nurse Educ. Today 2019, 81, 39–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marshall, N.E.; Abrams, B.; Barbour, L.A.; Catalano, P.; Christian, P.; Friedman, J.E.; Hay, W.W., Jr.; Hernandez, T.L.; Krebs, N.F.; Oken, E.; et al. The importance of nutrition in pregnancy and lactation: Lifelong consequences. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2022, 226, 607–632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variables | n (n%) | M (P25, P75) | Z/H Value | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | −2.641 a | 0.008 | ||
Male | 166 (22.0%) | 55 (52, 59) | ||
Female | 587 (78.0%) | 54 (50, 58) | ||
Residential location type | 0.197 b | 0.978 | ||
Rural | 299 (39.7%) | 54 (51, 58) | ||
Township | 92 (12.2%) | 54 (52, 58) | ||
County town | 181 (24.0%) | 54 (50, 59) | ||
City | 181 (24.0%) | 54 (50.50, 58.50) | ||
The only child | −0.324 a | 0.746 | ||
Yes | 128 (17.0%) | 55 (51, 59) | ||
No | 625 (83.0%) | 54 (51, 58.50) | ||
Grade | 46.553 b | <0.001 | ||
Freshman | 265 (35.2%) | 54 (50, 57) | ||
Sophomore | 231 (30.7%) | 53 (49, 56) | ||
Junior | 257 (34.1%) | 56 (52, 61) | ||
Major | 24.110 b | <0.001 | ||
Elderly service management | 42 (5.6%) | 53.50 (51, 58.25) | ||
Midwifery | 70 (9.3%) | 59 (53, 64) | ||
Nursing | 641 (85.1%) | 54 (50, 58) | ||
Interest in major | 5.426 b | 0.246 | ||
Very uninterested | 8 (1.1%) | 53 (48.25, 56.50) | ||
Uninterested | 38 (5.0%) | 53.50 (50, 57.25) | ||
Uncertain | 346 (45.9%) | 54 (50, 58) | ||
Be interested | 333 (44.2%) | 55 (51, 59.50) | ||
Extremely interested | 28 (3.7%) | 54 (50.50, 58.75) | ||
Mother-infant related courses | −7.354 a | <0.001 | ||
Yes | 271 (36.0%) | 56 (52, 61) | ||
No | 482 (64.0%) | 53 (50, 57) | ||
Internship experience in obstetrics or neonatology | −4.696 a | <0.001 | ||
Yes | 167 (22.2%) | 56 (52, 61) | ||
No | 586 (77.8%) | 54 (50, 58) | ||
Teachers advocate breastfeeding in class | −7.776 a | <0.001 | ||
Yes | 493 (65.5%) | 56 (52, 60) | ||
No | 260 (34.5%) | 52 (49, 56) | ||
Breastfeeding intention | 129.617 b | <0.001 | ||
Very reluctant | 72 (9.6%) | 49.50 (44.25, 56) | ||
Unwilling | 112 (14.9%) | 51 (48, 54) | ||
Uncertain | 257 (34.1%) | 54 (51, 57) | ||
Be willing | 256 (34.0%) | 56 (53, 61) | ||
Very willing | 56 (7.4%) | 59.50 (54.25, 64) | ||
Witness the breastfeeding | −1.486 a | 0.137 | ||
Yes | 603 (80.1%) | 54 (51, 59) | ||
No | 150 (19.9%) | 54 (50, 58) | ||
Feeding types before six months | 27.777 b | <0.001 | ||
Exclusive breastfeeding | 311 (41.3%) | 55 (52, 59) | ||
Breast milk + formula milk feeding | 345 (45.8%) | 54 (50, 58) | ||
Formula milk feeding | 74 (9.8%) | 52 (48, 56) | ||
Other food feeding | 23 (3.1%) | 54 (51, 57) | ||
CBKS scores | −10.089 a | <0.001 | ||
27–54 | 423 (56.2%) | 53 (50, 56) | ||
55–68 | 330 (43.8%) | 57 (53, 61) |
Items | Number of Entries | Score Range | Actual Total Score (P25, P75) | Minimum Score | Maximum Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge | 23 | 23–69 | 54 (49, 58) | 27 | 68 |
Attitude | 17 | 17–85 | 54 (51, 59) | 29 | 84 |
Classification | IIFAS Scores | n (n%) |
---|---|---|
Positive breastfeeding attitude | 70–85 | 21 (2.8%) |
Neutral attitude | 49–69 | 630 (83.7%) |
Positive formula milk feeding attitude | 17–48 | 102 (13.5%) |
Variables | Positive Breastfeeding Attitude (70–85) | Neutral Attitude (49–69) | Positive Formula Milk Feeding Attitude (17–48) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
CBKS scores | <0.001 | |||
27–54 (423) | 4 (19.0%) | 339 (53.8%) | 80 (78.4%) | |
55–68 (330) | 17 (81.0%) | 291 (46.2%) | 22 (21.6%) | |
Grade | <0.001 | |||
Freshman (n = 265) | 1 (4.8%) | 233 (37.0%) | 31 (30.4%) | |
Sophomore (n = 231) | 3 (14.3%) | 175 (27.8%) | 53 (52.0%) | |
Junior (n = 257) | 17 (81.0%) | 222 (35.2%) | 18 (17.6%) | |
Major | <0.001 | |||
Elderly service management (n = 42) | 0 (0.0%) | 37 (5.9%) | 5 (4.9%) | |
Midwifery (n = 70) | 9 (42.9%) | 57 (9.0%) | 4 (3.9%) | |
Nursing (n = 641) | 12 (57.1%) | 536 (85.1%) | 93 (91.2%) | |
Breastfeeding intention | <0.001 | |||
Very reluctant (72) | 0 (0.0%) | 44 (7.0%) | 28 (27.5%) | |
Unwilling (112) | 1 (4.8%) | 78 (12.4%) | 33 (32.4%) | |
Uncertain (257) | 2 (9.5%) | 225 (35.7%) | 30 (29.4%) | |
Be willing (256) | 12 (57.1%) | 233 (37.0%) | 11 (10.8%) | |
Very willing (56) | 6 (28.6%) | 50 (7.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
Feeding types before six months | 0.001 | |||
Exclusive breastfeeding (311) | 8 (38.1%) | 275 (43.7%) | 28 (27.5%) | |
Breast milk + formula milk feeding (345) | 12 (57.1%) | 282 (44.8%) | 51 (50.0%) | |
Formula milk feeding (74) | 1 (4.8%) | 52 (8.3%) | 21 (20.6%) | |
Other food feeding (23) | 0 (0.0%) | 21 (3.3%) | 2 (2.0%) |
Independent Variable | β | Standard Error | Beta | t | p | 95%CI for β |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constants | 48.899 | 0.457 | 107.075 | 0.000 | 48.002, 49.795 | |
CBKS scores | ||||||
27–54 | Reference | |||||
55–68 | 2.975 | 0.439 | 0.220 | 6.781 | <0.001 | 2.114, 3.837 |
Grade | ||||||
Freshman | Reference | |||||
Junior | 2.887 | 0.448 | 0.204 | 6.440 | <0.001 | 2.007, 3.767 |
Major | ||||||
Elderly service management | Reference | |||||
Midwifery | 3.235 | 0.714 | 0.140 | 4.531 | <0.001 | 1.833, 4.637 |
Breastfeeding intention | ||||||
Very reluctant | Reference | |||||
Very willing | 8.089 | 0.859 | 0.317 | 9.417 | <0.001 | 6.403, 9.775 |
Be willing | 5.194 | 0.549 | 0.367 | 9.457 | <0.001 | 4.116, 6.273 |
Uncertain | 3.027 | 0.536 | 0.214 | 5.644 | <0.001 | 1.974, 4.080 |
Feeding types before six months | ||||||
Other food feeding | Reference | |||||
Formula milk feeding | −1.591 | 0.684 | −0.071 | −2.325 | 0.020 | −2.934, −0.247 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Liu, H.; Xia, Y.; Deng, Y.; Shang, Z.; Li, X.; Gu, Y.; Sun, J.; Chen, Y. Breastfeeding Attitudes and Their Associated Factors Among Chinese Nursing Undergraduates: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2025, 17, 3169. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193169
Liu H, Xia Y, Deng Y, Shang Z, Li X, Gu Y, Sun J, Chen Y. Breastfeeding Attitudes and Their Associated Factors Among Chinese Nursing Undergraduates: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients. 2025; 17(19):3169. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193169
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Han, Yutong Xia, Yuchen Deng, Zhuosen Shang, Xiyang Li, Yalan Gu, Jing Sun, and Ying Chen. 2025. "Breastfeeding Attitudes and Their Associated Factors Among Chinese Nursing Undergraduates: A Cross-Sectional Study" Nutrients 17, no. 19: 3169. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193169
APA StyleLiu, H., Xia, Y., Deng, Y., Shang, Z., Li, X., Gu, Y., Sun, J., & Chen, Y. (2025). Breastfeeding Attitudes and Their Associated Factors Among Chinese Nursing Undergraduates: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 17(19), 3169. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193169