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Article

Short-Term Mediterranean Dietary Intervention Reduces Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Levels in Healthy Individuals

1
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Institute of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, 34752 Istanbul, Turkey
2
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, İstinye University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
3
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, 34752 Istanbul, Turkey
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3135; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193135
Submission received: 7 September 2025 / Revised: 26 September 2025 / Accepted: 30 September 2025 / Published: 30 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and blood trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels. Methods: This randomized clinical trial enrolled 53 healthy adults with normal or overweight body mass index (BMI) who were recruited from a cardiology outpatient clinic in Istanbul, Turkey. Dietary patterns and Mediterranean diet adherence (assessed using the MEDAS) were evaluated alongside anthropometric and biochemical parameters, including fasting glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Twenty individuals with low adherence underwent a 4-week Mediterranean dietary intervention with daily dietary monitoring. To assess changes, pre- and postintervention data were compared. Results: The results revealed that individuals adhering to the Mediterranean diet exhibited significantly lower blood TMAO levels (p < 0.001). In males, total cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride, and ALT levels significantly decreased compared with those at baseline (p < 0.05), whereas fasting blood glucose, HDL, and AST levels showed no significant changes (p > 0.05). In females, only blood TMAO levels exhibited significant reduction, with no other biochemical parameters indicating significant differences (p > 0.05). Additionally, males demonstrated significant improvements in anthropometric measures, including weight, BMI, fat mass, muscle mass, waist, and hip circumference, compared with pre-intervention values (p < 0.05), whereas females exhibited no significant changes in these measures (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that implementing the Mediterranean diet in individuals with initially low adherence causes significantly reduced blood TMAO levels even within a short intervention period of 4 weeks.
Keywords: mediterranean diet; TMAO; cardiovascular diseases; MEDAS; microbiota mediterranean diet; TMAO; cardiovascular diseases; MEDAS; microbiota

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MDPI and ACS Style

Deniz, M.Ş.; Baş, M. Short-Term Mediterranean Dietary Intervention Reduces Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Levels in Healthy Individuals. Nutrients 2025, 17, 3135. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193135

AMA Style

Deniz MŞ, Baş M. Short-Term Mediterranean Dietary Intervention Reduces Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Levels in Healthy Individuals. Nutrients. 2025; 17(19):3135. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193135

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deniz, Melike Şeyma, and Murat Baş. 2025. "Short-Term Mediterranean Dietary Intervention Reduces Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Levels in Healthy Individuals" Nutrients 17, no. 19: 3135. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193135

APA Style

Deniz, M. Ş., & Baş, M. (2025). Short-Term Mediterranean Dietary Intervention Reduces Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Levels in Healthy Individuals. Nutrients, 17(19), 3135. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193135

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