Effects of Creatine Supplementation on the Myostatin Pathway and Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms in Different Skeletal Muscles of Resistance-Trained Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animal and Experimental Design
2.2. Climbing Exercise Familiarization
2.3. Initial Maximal Carrying Capacity
2.4. Resistance Training Protocol
2.5. Final Maximal Carrying Capacity
2.6. General Characteristics, Tissue Collection, and Serum Biochemical Analysis
2.7. Skeletal Muscle Morphology
2.8. Western Blotting
2.9. Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Maximal Carrying Capacity
3.2. Nutritional and Serum Biochemical Data
3.3. Morphological Characterization
3.4. Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms Distribution
3.5. Protein Expression
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Groups | Factors (p-Value) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cc | Cr | Tc | Tcr | Training | Creatine | Interaction | ||
Nutritional | Initial body weight (g) | 240 ± 22 | 242 ± 25 | 237 ± 20 | 251 ± 29 | 0.740 | 0.409 | 0.547 |
Final body weight (g) | 392 ± 34 | 407 ± 34 | 350 ± 71 * | 390 ± 72 # | 0.044 ‡ | 0.052 | 0.374 | |
Food intake (g) | 2132 ± 150 | 2016 ± 82 | 2022 ± 160 | 1983 ± 169 | 0.162 | 0.130 | 0.444 | |
Creatine intake (g) | - | 40.33 ± 1.64 | - | 39.67 ± 2.32 | 0.551 | - | - | |
Calorie intake (Kcal) | 7699 ± 544 | 7421 ± 302 | 7301 ± 578 | 7325 ± 444 | 0.186 | 0.489 | 0.414 | |
Feed efficiency (mg/Kcal) | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.1 * | 1.7 ± 0.2 * | 1.9 ± 0.1 † | <0.001 ‡ | 0.007 § | 0.437 | |
Biochemical | Glucose (mg/dL) | 134 ± 17 | 131 ± 24 | 133 ± 24 | 144 ± 21 | 0.492 | 0.629 | 0.410 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 71.3 ± 9.1 | 77.8 ± 16.6 | 78.6 ± 9.3 | 76.5 ± 6.4 | 0.481 | 0.600 | 0.309 | |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 38.7 ± 6.2 | 45.1 ± 8.2 | 42.1 ± 4.3 | 42.4 ± 4.2 | 0.880 | 0.156 | 0.188 | |
Non-HDL (mg/dL) | 33.9 ± 5.4 | 32.8 ± 11.4 | 36.2 ± 8.5 | 34.1 ± 2.8 | 0.537 | 0.602 | 0.858 | |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 95.8 ± 7.7 | 98.9 ± 6.3 | 91.0 ± 3.4 | 94.2 ± 6.4 | 0.049 ‡ | 0.190 | 0.983 | |
Albumine (mg/dL) | 2.30 ± 0.15 | 2.30 ± 0.12 | 2.27 ± 0.17 | 2.44 ± 0.11 | 0.291 | 0.119 | 0.119 | |
Total protein (mg/dL) | 5.16 ± 2.24 | 5.93 ± 0.41 | 6.13 ± 0.54 | 6.46 ± 0.35 | 0.107 | 0.231 | 0.625 |
Variables | Groups | Factors (p-Value) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cc | Cr | Tc | Tcr | Training | Creatine | Interaction | |
Gastrocnemius (mg) | 2255 ± 172 | 2378 ± 106 | 2433 ± 572 | 2531 ± 463 | 0.262 | 0.451 | 0.931 |
Gastrocnemius/BW (mg/g) | 5.76 ± 0.24 | 5.86 ± 0.34 | 6.92 ± 1.35 * | 6.52 ± 1.30 | 0.020 ‡ | 0.676 | 0.498 |
Gastrocnemius/tibia (mg/mm) | 52.9 ± 3.8 | 56.6 ± 1.6 | 59.0 ± 13.0 | 59.7 ± 11.0 | 0.181 | 0.512 | 0.646 |
Soleus (mg) | 141 ± 19 | 146 ± 20 | 125 ± 26 | 153 ± 30 | 0.633 | 0.095 | 0.241 |
Soleus/BW (mg/g) | 0.36 ± 0.03 | 0.36 ± 0.03 | 0.35 ± 0.05 | 0.39 ± 0.05 | 0.463 | 0.359 | 0.307 |
Soleus/tibia (mg/mm) | 3.33 ± 0.47 | 3.50 ± 0.46 | 3.05 ± 0.60 | 3.60 ± 0.62 | 0.677 | 0.097 | 0.362 |
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de Carvalho, M.R.; Duarte, E.F.; Mendonça, M.L.M.; de Morais, C.S.; Ota, G.E.; Gaspar-Junior, J.J.; de Oliveira Filiú, W.F.; Damatto, F.C.; Okoshi, M.P.; Okoshi, K.; et al. Effects of Creatine Supplementation on the Myostatin Pathway and Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms in Different Skeletal Muscles of Resistance-Trained Rats. Nutrients 2023, 15, 2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092224
de Carvalho MR, Duarte EF, Mendonça MLM, de Morais CS, Ota GE, Gaspar-Junior JJ, de Oliveira Filiú WF, Damatto FC, Okoshi MP, Okoshi K, et al. Effects of Creatine Supplementation on the Myostatin Pathway and Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms in Different Skeletal Muscles of Resistance-Trained Rats. Nutrients. 2023; 15(9):2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092224
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Carvalho, Marianna Rabelo, Ellen Fernandes Duarte, Maria Lua Marques Mendonça, Camila Souza de Morais, Gabriel Elias Ota, Jair José Gaspar-Junior, Wander Fernando de Oliveira Filiú, Felipe Cesar Damatto, Marina Politi Okoshi, Katashi Okoshi, and et al. 2023. "Effects of Creatine Supplementation on the Myostatin Pathway and Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms in Different Skeletal Muscles of Resistance-Trained Rats" Nutrients 15, no. 9: 2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092224