Associations between Maternal Nutrition and the Concentrations of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in a Cohort of Healthy Australian Lactating Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Maternal Investigations
2.2. Milk Sampling Protocol
2.3. Human Milk Compositional Analyses
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Human Milk Composition
3.2. Associations between Human Milk Composition and Maternal Variables
3.3. Associations between HMO Profiles and Maternal Dietary Intake
3.4. Associations between HMO Profiles and Maternal Anthropometry
3.5. Comparison of Maternal Body Composition Variables and Human Milk Values
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable and Category | Results |
---|---|
Age: | |
20–30 years | 35% |
31–40 years | 64% |
40+ years | 1% |
Ethnicity: | |
Caucasian | 93% |
Indigenous | 1% |
Other | 6% |
Parity: | |
1 | 42% |
2 | 44% |
3+ | 14% |
Time postpartum (weeks) | 14.4 ± 4.4 |
Gestation period (weeks) | 39.4 ± 1.4 |
Sex of baby: | |
Male | 67% |
Female | 33% |
Birthweight of baby (kg) | 3.5 ± 0.4 |
Usual body weight (pre-pregnancy) (kg) | 66.3 ± 10.3 |
Body weight at time of delivery (kg) | 80.7 ± 11.0 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI: | |
Underweight | 4% |
Normal | 68% |
Overweight | 24% |
Obese | 4% |
Gestational weight gain (total, kg): | |
Meets IOM guidelines | 43% |
Exceeded IOM guidelines | 40% |
Below IOM guidelines | 17% |
Current BMI at time of sampling: | |
Underweight | 2% |
Normal | 45% |
Overweight | 45% |
Obese | 8% |
Milk Component | Mean ± SD | Reference Range [41,42,43] |
---|---|---|
Lactose (g/L) | 75.4 ± 4.1 | 67–78 |
Protein (g/L) | 10.4 ± 1.5 | 8–10 |
Fat (g/L) | 39.3 ± 12.6 | 35–40 |
Energy (kcal/L) | 697.3 ± 111.8 | 650–700 |
HMO | Mean Concentration (mg/L) All Mothers (n = 101) | Mean Concentration (mg/L) Secretor Mothers (n = 80) | Mean Concentration (mg/L) Non-Secretor Mothers (n = 21) | p-Value 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
2′FL | 1133 ± 982 | 1431 ± 889 | 1 ± 5 | <0.001 * |
3FL | 937 ± 937 | 665 ± 573 | 1970 ± 1297 | <0.001 * |
3′SL | 126 ± 87 | 127 ± 88 | 125 ± 87 | >0.9 |
6′SL | 127 ± 93 | 132 ± 97 | 105 ± 77 | 0.2 |
DFL | 49 ± 57 | 59 ± 56 | 11 ± 45 | <0.001 * |
LNFP I | 245 ± 267 | 308 ± 266 | 4 ± 11 | <0.001 * |
LNFP II | 747 ± 823 | 530 ± 429 | 1571 ± 1327 | 0.002 * |
LNFP III | 284 ± 204 | 281± 189 | 296 ± 259 | 0.8 |
LNnT | 79 ± 108 | 88 ± 110 | 46 ± 94 | 0.088 |
LNT | 438 ± 303 | 392 ± 272 | 614 ± 355 | 0.013 * |
LSTa | 68 ± 60 | 61 ± 49 | 94 ± 88 | 0.12 |
LSTb | 73 ± 70 | 68 ± 61 | 91 ± 97 | 0.3 |
LSTc | 61 ± 59 | 56 ± 55 | 80 ± 70 | 0.14 |
TOTAL HMO | 4365 ± 2142 | 4196 ± 1978 | 5009 ± 2632 | 0.2 |
Total Fucosylated | 3394 ± 1723 | 3273 ± 1586 | 3854 ± 2152 | 0.3 |
Total Sialylated | 454 ± 279 | 444 ± 256 | 495 ± 357 | 0.5 |
Total Neutral Core | 517 ± 330 | 479 ± 314 | 660 ± 361 | 0.045 * |
Nutrient | Median | HMO | HMO Concentrations (mg/L) at Low Intake (Below Median) | HMO Concentrations (mg/L) at High Intake (Above Median) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protein | 97 g/day | LNFP III | 244 ± 137 | 325 ± 250 | 0.048 |
LSTa | 55 ± 33 | 82 ± 77 | 0.024 | ||
LSTc | 43 ± 28 | 78 ± 75 | 0.003 | ||
Carbohydrate | 236 g/day | DFL | 61 ± 70 | 36 ± 36 | 0.024 |
Alcohol | 0 g/day | LSTa | 75 ± 64 | 46 ± 38 | 0.008 |
LSTb | 78 ± 77 | 54 ± 38 | 0.043 | ||
LSTc | 67 ± 63 | 41 ± 37 | 0.015 | ||
Calcium | 929 mg/day | 3′SL | 105 ± 70 | 148 ± 97 | 0.013 |
LNnT | 53 ± 87 | 105 ± 121 | 0.014 | ||
Iron | 13 mg/day | 3′SL | 102 ± 67 | 151 ± 98 | 0.004 |
LNFP III | 241 ± 148 | 327 ± 243 | 0.035 | ||
Potassium | 3328 mg/day | 3FL | 749 ± 768 | 1128 ± 1057 | 0.042 |
LNFP III | 235 ± 131 | 333 ± 250 | 0.016 | ||
LNT | 364 ± 244 | 513 ± 340 | 0.013 | ||
LSTb | 58 ± 42 | 87 ± 88 | 0.036 | ||
LSTc | 47 ± 41 | 74 ± 70 | 0.021 | ||
Sodium | 2517 mg/day | LNFP III | 242 ± 142 | 327 ± 247 | 0.038 |
2′FL | 931 ± 908 | 1339 ± 1020 | 0.036 | ||
Zinc | 12 mg/day | LNFP III | 236 ± 143 | 333 ± 244 | 0.017 |
Selenium | 92 mg/day | 2′FL | 1342 ± 1001 | 920 ± 924 | 0.03 |
Vit B2 | 2 mg/day | 3′SL | 108 ± 69 | 145 ± 99 | 0.033 |
Vit B6 | 1.5 mg/day | LNFP III | 242 ± 148 | 327 ± 243 | 0.038 |
LNT | 378 ± 295 | 499 ± 302 | 0.044 | ||
Folate (total) 1 | 506 µg/day | Total HMO | 3802 ± 1951 | 4940 ± 2193 | 0.007 |
3FL | 722 ± 710 | 1155 ± 1087 | 0.02 | ||
LNFP II | 565 ± 500 | 932 ± 1028 | 0.026 | ||
LNFP III | 232 ± 170 | 337 ± 224 | 0.009 | ||
LNT | 337 ± 269 | 541 ± 304 | <0.001 | ||
Folate, DFE | 600 µg/day | Total HMO | 3918 ± 2017 | 4821 ± 2188 | 0.033 |
Folate, natural | 341 µg/day | Total HMO | 3627 ± 1621 | 5118 ± 2352 | <0.001 |
3FL | 676 ± 672 | 1202 ± 1090 | 0.005 | ||
LNFP II | 574 ± 527 | 923 ± 1018 | 0.034 | ||
LNFP III | 225 ± 126 | 343 ± 248 | 0.004 | ||
LNT | 342 ± 218 | 536 ± 346 | 0.001 | ||
LSTa | 53 ± 34 | 83 ± 76 | 0.012 | ||
LSTb | 57 ± 45 | 89 ± 86 | 0.023 | ||
LSTc | 47 ± 41 | 74 ± 70 | 0.021 | ||
RAE 2 | 945 µg/day | LSTa | 55 ± 30 | 81 ± 78 | 0.031 |
LSTc | 48 ± 39 | 73 ± 72 | 0.035 | ||
Beta-Carotene | 2932 µg/day | LSTa | 54 ± 30 | 83 ± 78 | 0.018 |
LSTb | 59 ± 43 | 87 ± 88 | 0.047 | ||
A-tocopherol 3 | 13 mg/day | LSTb | 58 ± 45 | 87 ± 87 | 0.038 |
LSTc | 47 ± 39 | 74 ± 71 | 0.022 | ||
MUFA | 40 mg/day | LNFP III | 44 ± 136 | 325 ± 251 | 0.047 |
LSTb | 58 ± 42 | 88 ± 88 | 0.035 | ||
LSTc | 46 ± 34 | 75 ± 73 | 0.013 | ||
Stachyose | 0.3 g/day | LNFP I | 190 ± 234 | 300 ± 289 | 0.038 |
FM (kg) | FM (%) | FMI (kg/m2) | FFM (g) | FFMI (kg/m2) | FM:FFM Proportion | AFM:GFM Proportion | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | 25.4 ± 8.2 | 36 ± 7 | 9.6 ± 3.1 | 42.7 ± 4.6 | 17.4 ± 1.3 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.1 |
Range | 10.9–44.5 | 20–50 | 4–17 | 34.7–54.0 | 5.2–18.7 | 0.2–0.9 | 0.2–0.5 |
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Biddulph, C.; Holmes, M.; Tran, T.D.; Kuballa, A.; Davies, P.S.W.; Koorts, P.; Maher, J. Associations between Maternal Nutrition and the Concentrations of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in a Cohort of Healthy Australian Lactating Women. Nutrients 2023, 15, 2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092093
Biddulph C, Holmes M, Tran TD, Kuballa A, Davies PSW, Koorts P, Maher J. Associations between Maternal Nutrition and the Concentrations of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in a Cohort of Healthy Australian Lactating Women. Nutrients. 2023; 15(9):2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092093
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiddulph, Caren, Mark Holmes, Trong D. Tran, Anna Kuballa, Peter S. W. Davies, Pieter Koorts, and Judith Maher. 2023. "Associations between Maternal Nutrition and the Concentrations of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in a Cohort of Healthy Australian Lactating Women" Nutrients 15, no. 9: 2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092093