Late Luteal Subphase Food Craving Is Enhanced in Women with Obesity and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Food Cravings and Anthropometric Measures
2.3. Group Categorization
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Food Cravings According to Subphase and Group
3.2. Food Cravings According to Group, Subphase and Affective Symptomatology
3.3. Association between Food Cravings and hs-crp in the LL Subphase in PMDD
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Variable | Category | Diagnostic Category | p Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AL:PMDD− (n = 16) | AL:PMDD+ (n = 14) | AO:PMDD− (n = 15) | AO:PMDD+ (n = 13) | |||
Age | 25.12 (4.68) | 26.57 (5.48) | 27.26 (5.22) | 25.07 (4.53) | 0.56 | |
Race | White | 6 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 0.76 |
Black or African American | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||
American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | ||
Asian | 7 | 7 | 4 | 5 | ||
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
More than one race | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
Unknown/Do not want to specify | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
Ethnicity | Hispanic | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 0.77 |
Non-Hipanic | 14 | 11 | 10 | 11 | ||
Unknown/Do not want to specify | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
Student Status | Yes | 5 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 0.33 |
No | 11 | 7 | 10 | 5 | ||
Marital Status | Single | 15 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 0.80 |
Married | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | ||
Divorced | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Widowed | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Income | Less than $20,000 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 0.51 |
$20,000–$34,999 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | ||
$35,000–$49,999 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | ||
$50,000–$74,999 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | ||
75,000 or more | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
Age of Menarche | 11.92 (1.40) | 12.30 (0.94) | 12.36 (1.56) | 11.83 (1.52) | 0.75 | |
BMI | 21.47 (1.45) | 20.88 (2.32) | 27.80 (3.53) | 27.42 (3.98) | <0.001 | |
Waist Circumference | 71.30 (3.89) | 72.37 (5.05) | 89.74 (6.31) | 91.63 (13.61) | <0.001 |
Contrast | Estimate | SE | df | t Ratio | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subphase = Mid-Follicular | |||||
AL:PMDD− vs. AL:PMDD+ | −0.12325 | 0.0759 | 189 | −1.625 | 0.3673 |
AL:PMDD− vs. AO:PMDD− | −0.07334 | 0.076 | 200 | −0.965 | 0.7695 |
AL:PMDD− vs. AO:PMDD+ | −0.11472 | 0.0776 | 190 | −1.478 | 0.453 |
AL:PMDD+ vs. AO:PMDD− | 0.04991 | 0.0778 | 194 | 0.642 | 0.9182 |
AL:PMDD+ vs. AO:PMDD+ | 0.00853 | 0.0794 | 186 | 0.107 | 0.9996 |
AO:PMDD− vs. AO:PMDD+ | −0.04138 | 0.0795 | 196 | −0.521 | 0.954 |
Subphase = Periovulatory | |||||
AL:PMDD− vs. AL:PMDD+ | −0.03927 | 0.0753 | 185 | −0.521 | 0.9539 |
AL:PMDD− vs. AO:PMDD− | 0.0462 | 0.076 | 200 | 0.608 | 0.9295 |
AL:PMDD− vs. AO:PMDD+ | −0.12472 | 0.0776 | 190 | −1.606 | 0.3775 |
AL:PMDD+ vs. AO:PMDD− | 0.08547 | 0.0772 | 191 | 1.107 | 0.6857 |
AL:PMDD+ vs. AO:PMDD+ | −0.08545 | 0.0788 | 182 | −1.084 | 0.6998 |
AO:PMDD− vs. AO:PMDD+ | −0.17093 | 0.0795 | 196 | −2.151 | 0.141 |
Subphase = Early Luteal | |||||
AL:PMDD− vs. AL:PMDD+ | −0.07575 | 0.0753 | 185 | −1.006 | 0.7463 |
AL:PMDD− vs. AO:PMDD− | −0.02933 | 0.076 | 200 | −0.386 | 0.9804 |
AL:PMDD− vs. AO:PMDD+ | −0.14036 | 0.0783 | 195 | −1.792 | 0.2803 |
AL:PMDD+ vs. AO:PMDD− | 0.04642 | 0.0772 | 191 | 0.601 | 0.9316 |
AL:PMDD+ vs. AO:PMDD+ | −0.0646 | 0.0795 | 187 | −0.813 | 0.8485 |
AO:PMDD− vs. AO:PMDD+ | −0.11103 | 0.0801 | 201 | −1.385 | 0.51 |
Subphase = Mid-Luteal | |||||
AL:PMDD− vs. AL:PMDD+ | −0.15419 | 0.0753 | 185 | −2.047 | 0.1748 |
AL:PMDD− vs. AO:PMDD− | 0.01936 | 0.076 | 200 | 0.255 | 0.9942 |
AL:PMDD− vs. AO:PMDD+ | −0.06117 | 0.0776 | 190 | −0.788 | 0.8599 |
AL:PMDD+ vs. AO:PMDD− | 0.17354 | 0.0772 | 191 | 2.247 | 0.1144 |
AL:PMDD+ vs. AO:PMDD+ | 0.09302 | 0.0788 | 182 | 1.18 | 0.6403 |
AO:PMDD− vs. AO:PMDD+ | −0.08052 | 0.0795 | 196 | −1.013 | 0.742 |
Subphase = Late Luteal | |||||
AL:PMDD− vs. AL:PMDD+ | −0.03196 | 0.0746 | 177 | −0.429 | 0.9735 |
AL:PMDD− vs. AO:PMDD− | −0.01896 | 0.0759 | 196 | −0.25 | 0.9945 |
AL:PMDD− vs. AO:PMDD+ | −0.40446 | 0.0767 | 182 | −5.275 | <0.0001 |
AL:PMDD+ vs. AO:PMDD− | 0.013 | 0.077 | 187 | 0.169 | 0.9983 |
AL:PMDD+ vs. AO:PMDD+ | −0.3725 | 0.0778 | 174 | −4.789 | <.0001 |
AO:PMDD− vs. AO:PMDD+ | −0.3855 | 0.079 | 191 | −4.878 | <0.0001 |
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Hamidovic, A.; Smadi, S.; Davis, J. Late Luteal Subphase Food Craving Is Enhanced in Women with Obesity and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD). Nutrients 2023, 15, 5000. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15235000
Hamidovic A, Smadi S, Davis J. Late Luteal Subphase Food Craving Is Enhanced in Women with Obesity and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD). Nutrients. 2023; 15(23):5000. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15235000
Chicago/Turabian StyleHamidovic, Ajna, Shahd Smadi, and John Davis. 2023. "Late Luteal Subphase Food Craving Is Enhanced in Women with Obesity and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)" Nutrients 15, no. 23: 5000. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15235000