The Role of a Plant-Only (Vegan) Diet in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Online Survey of the Italian General Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Assessments
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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a. Socio-Demographic Characteristics | Overall Sample n = 1077 | GERD− n = 982 (91.2%) | GERD+ n = 95 (8.8%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, n (%) | 0.672 Fisher | |||
Male | 75 (7.0%) | 70 (7.1%) | 5 (5.3%) | |
Female | 1002 (93.0%) | 912 (92.9%) | 90 (94.7%) | |
Age, mean (SD) | 37.1 (12.0) | 37.0 (11.9) | 37.7 (12.9) | 0.583 t test |
BMI, mean (SD) | 22.2 (3.8) | 22.0 (3.5) | 24.1 (5.4) | <0.001 t test |
Marital status, n (%) | 0.508 Fisher | |||
Married | 664 (61.7%) | 602 (61.3%) | 62 (65.3%) | |
Not married | 413 (38.3%) | 380 (38.7%) | 33 (34.7%) | |
Education, n (%) | 0.027 Fisher | |||
Professional qualification/Diploma | 362 (33.6%) | 321 (32.7%) | 41 (43.2%) | |
Degree/Post-degree | 715 (66.4%) | 661 (67.3%) | 54 (56.8%) | |
Occupation, n (%) | 0.097 Fisher | |||
Employed | 765 (71.0%) | 705 (71.8%) | 60 (63.2%) | |
Not employed | 312 (29.0%) | 277 (28.2%) | 35 (36.8%) | |
b. Life habits | Overall Sample n = 1077 | GERD− n = 982 (91.2%) | GERD+ n = 95 (8.8%) | p-value |
Dietary pattern, n (%) | 0.005 Fisher | |||
Vegan | 402 (37.3%) | 379 (38.6%) | 23 (24.2%) | |
Non-vegan | 675 (62.7%) | 603 (61.4%) | 72 (75.8%) | |
Monthly alcohol consumption, n (%) | 32 missing | 30 missing | 2 missing | 0.864 Chi-square |
No consumption | 224 (21.4%) | 206 (21.6%) | 18 (19.4%) | |
Low/Moderate 1 | 770 (73.7%) | 700 (73.5%) | 70 (75.3%) | |
At risk 2 | 51 (4.9%) | 46 (4.8%) | 5 (5.4%) | |
Currently smoking, n (%) | 5 missing | 4 missing | 1 missing | 0.022 Fisher |
No | 975 (91.0%) | 896 (91.6%) | 79 (84.0%) | |
Yes | 97 (9.0%) | 82 (8.4%) | 15 (16.0%) | |
c. Health-related quality of life (SF-36), mean (SD) | Overall Sample n = 1077 | GERD− n = 982 (91.2%) | GERD+ n = 95 (8.8%) | p-value t test |
General health | 68.4 (17.2) | 69.7 (16.0) | 54.3 (22.5) | <0.001 |
Physical functioning | 94.6 (9.9) | 95.2 (8.7) | 88.3 (17.4) | <0.001 |
Role limitations due to emotional problems | 58.9 (40.9) | 60.0 (40.7) | 48.2 (41.5) | 0.007 |
Bodily pain | 82.7 (20.3) | 84.0 (19.4) | 68.4 (23.4) | <0.001 |
Emotional well-being | 65.8 (17.1) | 66.6 (16.7) | 57.9 (18.7) | <0.001 |
Role limitations due to physical health | 84.6 (28.8) | 86.0 (27.2) | 70.0 (39.4) | <0.001 |
Energy/fatigue | 53.8 (18.4) | 54.8 (17.9) | 43.9 (20.8) | <0.001 |
Social functioning | 74.3 (22.7) | 75.4 (22.0) | 63.0 (25.8) | <0.001 |
Independent Variable | OR (Unadjusted) | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Male | Ref. | - | - |
Female | 1.38 | 0.54–3.51 | 0.497 |
Age | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.345 |
BMI | 1.12 | 1.07–1.17 | <0.001 |
Marital status | |||
Married | Ref. | - | - |
Not married | 0.84 | 0.54–1.31 | 0.449 |
Education | |||
Professional qualification/Diploma | Ref. | - | - |
Degree/Post-degree | 0.64 | 0.42–0.98 | 0.040 |
Occupation | |||
Employed | Ref. | - | - |
Not employed | 1.48 | 0.96–2.30 | 0.078 |
Dietary pattern | |||
Non-vegan | Ref. | - | - |
Vegan | 0.51 | 0.31–0.83 | 0.006 |
Monthly alcohol consumption | |||
No consumption | Ref. | - | - |
Low/Moderate 1 | 1.14 | 0.67–1.96 | 0.625 |
At risk 2 | 1.24 | 0.44–3.52 | 0.681 |
Currently smoking | |||
No | Ref. | - | - |
Yes | 2.07 | 1.14–3.77 | 0.016 |
General health | 0.96 | 0.95–0.97 | <0.001 |
Physical functioning | 0.98 | 0.98–0.99 | <0.001 |
Role limitations due to emotional problems | 0.99 | 0.98–0.99 | 0.008 |
Bodily pain | 0.97 | 0.96–0.98 | <0.001 |
Emotional well-being | 0.97 | 0.96–0.98 | <0.001 |
Role limitations due to physical health | 0.96 | 0.94–0.97 | <0.001 |
Energy/fatigue | 0.97 | 0.96–0.98 | <0.001 |
Social functioning | 0.98 | 0.97–0.99 | <0.001 |
Independent Variable | OR (Adjusted) | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
BMI | 1.07 | 1.02–1.13 | 0.007 |
Education | |||
Professional qualification/Diploma | Ref. | - | - |
Degree/Post-degree | 0.74 | 0.46–1.19 | 0.219 |
Dietary pattern | |||
Non-vegan | Ref. | - | - |
Vegan | 0.47 | 0.28–0.81 | 0.006 |
Currently smoking | |||
No | Ref. | - | - |
Yes | 1.97 | 1.03–3.74 | 0.039 |
General health | 0.97 | 0.96–0.99 | 0.001 |
Physical functioning | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.721 |
Role limitations due to emotional problems | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.317 |
Bodily pain | 0.98 | 0.97–0.99 | 0.005 |
Emotional well-being | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 | 0.544 |
Role limitations due to physical health | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.921 |
Energy/fatigue | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 | 0.547 |
Social functioning | 1.00 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.583 |
Number of observations | 1077 | ||
LR test, p-value | Chi2(12) = 94.45, p < 0.001 | ||
Hosmer—Lemeshow goodness-of-fit (10 groups) | |||
Chi2(df), p-value | Chi2(8) = 7.55, p = 0.479 | ||
Pearson goodness-of-fit | |||
Number of covariate patterns | 1072 | ||
Chi2(df), p-value | Chi2(1059) = 1060.64, p = 0.480 | ||
Area under ROC curve | 0.78 |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Rizzo, G.; Baroni, L.; Bonetto, C.; Visaggi, P.; Orazzini, M.; Solinas, I.; Guidi, G.; Pugliese, J.; Scaramuzza, G.; Ovidi, F.; et al. The Role of a Plant-Only (Vegan) Diet in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Online Survey of the Italian General Population. Nutrients 2023, 15, 4725. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15224725
Rizzo G, Baroni L, Bonetto C, Visaggi P, Orazzini M, Solinas I, Guidi G, Pugliese J, Scaramuzza G, Ovidi F, et al. The Role of a Plant-Only (Vegan) Diet in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Online Survey of the Italian General Population. Nutrients. 2023; 15(22):4725. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15224725
Chicago/Turabian StyleRizzo, Gianluca, Luciana Baroni, Chiara Bonetto, Pierfrancesco Visaggi, Mattia Orazzini, Irene Solinas, Giada Guidi, Jessica Pugliese, Giulia Scaramuzza, Filippo Ovidi, and et al. 2023. "The Role of a Plant-Only (Vegan) Diet in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Online Survey of the Italian General Population" Nutrients 15, no. 22: 4725. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15224725