Breakfast Consumption and Quality of Macro- and Micronutrient Intake in Indonesia: A Study from the Indonesian Food Barometer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Sample
2.2. Dietary Assessment
2.3. Breakfast Definition
2.4. Dietary Quality by NRF 9.3
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Contribution of Breaksfast to Daily Energy and Nutrient
3.2. Contribution of Breaksfast to Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)
3.3. Breakfast Intake and Diet Quality
4. Discussion
4.1. Adequacy of Intake and Nutrient Contribution from Breakfast
4.2. Breakfast Intake and Diet Quality
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Breakfast Intake (n = 1263) | Daily Intake (n = 1333) | |
---|---|---|
Median (25th–75th) | Median (25th–75th) | |
Macronutrients | ||
Energy (Kcal) | 395.8 (294.2–571.3) | 1626.2 (1314.7–2085.1) |
Carbohydrate (g) | 50.9 (37.8–75.0) | 215 (161.2–270) |
Carbohydrate (E%) | 55.2 (43.3–65.0) | 51.9 (44.3–59.7) |
Total sugar (g) | 1.9 (0.5–8.3) | 26.4 (11.7–43.4) |
Total sugar (E%) | 1.5 (0.5–9.4) | 6.5 (2.9–10.4) |
Protein (g) | 12.8 (7.9–20.5) | 57.7 (42.9–75.3) |
Protein (E%) | 12.7 (8.7–17.6) | 13.8 (10.8–16.9) |
Fat (g) | 13.3 (7.6–23.4) | 60.2 (43.0–8.6) |
Fat (E%) | 31.2 (21.4–41.1) | 33.6 (26.8–41.0) |
SFA 1 (g) | 5.1 (2.4–10.2) | 23.3 (15.7–33.6) |
SFA 1 (E%) | 12.2 (6.1–17.9) | 12.8 (9.5–16.9) |
Dietary fiber (g) | 1.5 (0.5–3.0) | 6.2 (3.5–10.1) |
Micronutrients | ||
Thiamine (mg) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) |
Riboflavin (mg) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 1.0 (0.6–1.5) |
Niacin (mg) | 3.2 (1.3–5.6) | 13.0 (8.8–18.7) |
Vitamin C (mg) | 1.0 (0–5.2) | 12.8 (4.4–29.4) |
Vitamin D (µg) | 0.1 (0–0.9) | 1.8 (0.5–3.6) |
Vitamin E (mg) | 1.6 (0.5–3.3) | 7.9 (4.6–16.9) |
Vitamin A (µg) | 156.4 (59.2–356.8) | 833.5 (515.3–1389.5) |
Calcium (mg) | 120.2 (65.0–222.0) | 505.3 (345.4–721.4) |
Phosphorus (mg) | 195.6 (108.9–303.5) | 800 (587.6–1062.3) |
Iron (mg) | 2.7 (1.7–5.0) | 13.2 (9.7–17.8) |
Zinc (mg) | 1.3 (0.7–2.7) | 6.2 (4.3–9.8) |
Magnesium (mg) | 30 (15.3–59.2) | 143.4 (89.6–201.3) |
Potassium (mg) | 244.6 (93.3–467.6) | 1048.0 (678.8–1871.0) |
Sodium (mg) | 285.7 (114.2–593.1) | 1368.1 (836.0–2070.2) |
Total (n = 1263) | NRF Tertile 1 (n = 407) | NRF Tertile 2 (n = 440) | NRF Tertile 3 (n = 416) | p-Value | Adjusted p-Value 2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median (25th–75th) | Median (25th–75th) | Median (25th–75th) | Median (25th–75th) | |||
Energy (Kcal) | 395.8 (294.2–571.3) | 392.2 (299.3–568.2) | 398.0 (279.8–543.4) | 401.5 (31.9–595.8) | 0.104 | 0.485 |
Macronutrients | ||||||
Carbohydrate (g) | 50.9 (37.8–75.0) | 51.1 (36.4–72.9) | 48.9 (31.7–75.9) | 54.1 (42.0–79.6) | 0.007 * | 0.900 |
Total sugar (g) | 1.9 (0.5–8.3) | 1.3 (0.3–8.3) | 2.0 (0.5–10.5) | 2.0 (0.7–6.5) | 0.391 | 0.030 * |
Protein (g) | 12.8 (7.9–20.5) | 12.2 (6.8–16.6) | 12.6 (7.4–20.8) | 15.2 (10.0–25.0) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
Fat (g) | 13.3 (7.6–23.4) | 13.1 (7.7–22.0) | 13.2 (7.8–22.2) | 13.7 (7.2–24.9) | 0.859 | 0.738 |
SFA 1 (g) | 5.1 (2.4–10.2) | 5.4 (2.5–12.9) | 4.8 (2.7–9.2) | 5.0 (2.3–9.1) | 0.001 * | <0.001 * |
Dietary fiber (g) | 1.5 (0.5–3.0) | 1.3 (0.4–2.7) | 1.4 (0.5–2.7) | 2.1 (0.6–4.3) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
Micronutrient | ||||||
Thiamin (mg) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.1 (0.1–0.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | <0.001 * | 0.015 * |
Riboflavin (mg) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.1 (0.1–0.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
Niacin (mg) | 3.2 (1.3–5.6) | 2.8 (0.8–5.0) | 3.1 (1.3–5.9) | 4.3 (2.6–6.8) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
Vitamin C (mg) | 1.0 (0–5.2) | 0.3 (0–3.8) | 0.5 (0–3.8) | 2.6 (0–8.6) | <0.001 * | 0.015 * |
Vitamin D (µg) | 0.1 (0–0.9) | 0.1 (0–0.9) | 0 (0–0.9) | 0 (0–0.9) | 0.470 | 0.895 |
Vitamin E (mg) | 1.6 (0.5–3.3) | 1.5 (0.6–3.7) | 1.4 (0.5–2.7) | 1.8 (0.5–3.4) | 0.009 * | 0.167 |
Vitamin A (µg) | 156.4 (59.2–356.8) | 106.6 (32.3–301.2) | 174.2 (61.8–328.2) | 211.0 (73.7–447.8) | <0.001 * | 0.002 * |
Potassium (mg) | 244.6 (93.3–467.6) | 163.8 (70.4–340.9) | 253.9 (88.2–470.4) | 316.1 (140.3–696.7) | <0.001 * | 0.001 * |
Calcium (mg) | 120.2 (65.0–222.0) | 89.8 (60.6–176.4) | 111.0 (59.9–204.0) | 174.0 (85.2–322.1) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
Phosphorus (mg) | 195.6 (108.9–303.5) | 171.9 (92.5–260.9) | 189.5 (107.1–285.4) | 240.0 (138.7–373.5) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
Iron (mg) | 2.7 (1.7–5.0) | 2.5 (1.7–3.9) | 2.5 (1.6–4.6) | 3.6 (2.0–6.5) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
Zinc (mg) | 1.3 (0.7–2.7) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 1.4 (0.6–2.6) | 1.6 (1.0–3.0) | <0.001 * | 0.187 |
Magnesium (mg) | 30.0 (15.3–59.2) | 24.8 (12.1–44.0) | 29.6 (14.9–49.8) | 52.5 (18.8–75.3) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
Sodium (mg) | 285.7 (114.2–593.1) | 359.6 (142.4–764.2) | 335.3 (130.5–589.2) | 221.1 (78.6–426.2) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
Total (n = 1263) | NRF Tertile 1 (n = 407) | NRF Tertile 2 (n = 440) | NRF Tertile 3 (n = 416) | p-Value 1 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Consumers | Median (25th–75th) | Consumers | Median (25th–75th) | Consumers | Median (25th–75th) | Consumers | Median (25th–75th) | ||
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||||||
Cereal grains and pasta (g) | 947 (74.9) | 120 (100-200) | 303 (74.3) | 120 (90-200) | 321 (73) | 120 (90-200) | 323 (77.7) | 105 (100-180) | 0.819 |
Vegetables and vegetable products (g) | 436 (34.5) | 45 (30–80) | 102 (25.1) | 40 (30–60) | 138 (31.4) | 45 (30–60) | 196 (47.1) | 60 (30–90) | 0.023 * |
Legumes and legume products (g) | 420 (33.3) | 80 (45–100) | 80 (19.6) | 50 (30–80) | 140 (31.8) | 75 (40–100) | 200 (48.1) | 90 (50–125) | <0.001 * |
Beverages and sugar-sweetened beverages (g) | 233 (18.4) | 15 (2–25) | 69 (16.9) | 14 (7–25) | 92 (20.8) | 18 (2–25) | 72 (17.3) | 15 (2–25) | 0.968 |
Finfish and shell fish products (g) | 225 (17.8) | 40 (30–60) | 43 (10.5) | 50 (40–70) | 74 (16.8) | 50 (40–70) | 109 (26.2) | 40 (20–60) | 0.040 * |
Snack (g) | 219 (17.3) | 60 (25–100) | 82 (20.1) | 50 (25–110) | 77 (17.4) | 60 (25–100) | 60 (14.5) | 100 (50–120) | 0.286 |
Eggs and egg products (g) | 182 (14.4) | 60 (60–60) | 78 (19.1) | 60 (60–60) | 59 (13.4) | 60 (60–60) | 45 (10.9) | 60 (40–60) | 0.001 * |
Sweets (g) | 126 (10) | 20 (15–20) | 34 (8.4) | 20 (15–20) | 55 (12.6) | 20 (10–20) | 36 (8.8) | 20 (10–20) | 0.538 |
Poultry products (g) | 123 (9.8) | 40 (30–60) | 35 (8.5) | 40 (30–50) | 46 (10.5) | 50 (30–60) | 43 (10.2) | 30 (30–50) | 0.044 * |
Baked products (g) | 118 (9.3) | 60 (40–75) | 53 (12.9) | 70 (30–75) | 43 (9.7) | 54 (40–75) | 23 (5.4) | 70 (39–75) | 0.696 |
Spices and herbs (g) | 63 (5) | 10 (10–10) | 20 (5) | 10 (10–10) | 17 (3.8) | 10 (5–20) | 26 (6.3) | 10 (5–10) | 0.283 |
Fats and oils (g) | 54 (4.3) | 5 (3–10) | 27 (6.5) | 4 (2–12.5) | 20 (4.4) | 8 (5–8) | 8 (1.9) | 5 (2–5) | 0.090 |
Beef products (g) | 43 (3.4) | 50 (40–90) | 17 (4.1) | 90 (50–100) | 18 (4.2) | 40 (30–50) | 8 (1.8) | 50 (50–50) | 0.006 * |
Fruits and fruit juice (g) | 35 (2.8) | 120 (50–200) | 11 (2.7) | 50 (30–300) | 9 (1.9) | 120 (100–150) | 15 (3.7) | 200 (50–200) | 0.570 |
Dairy and dairy products (g) | 27 (2.1) | 27 (21–40) | 5 (1.2) | 27 (27–27) | 10 (2.3) | 40 (21–40) | 12 (2.8) | 27 (10–200) | 0.604 |
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Khusun, H.; Anggraini, R.; Februhartanty, J.; Mognard, E.; Fauzia, K.; Maulida, N.R.; Linda, O.; Poulain, J.-P. Breakfast Consumption and Quality of Macro- and Micronutrient Intake in Indonesia: A Study from the Indonesian Food Barometer. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3792. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173792
Khusun H, Anggraini R, Februhartanty J, Mognard E, Fauzia K, Maulida NR, Linda O, Poulain J-P. Breakfast Consumption and Quality of Macro- and Micronutrient Intake in Indonesia: A Study from the Indonesian Food Barometer. Nutrients. 2023; 15(17):3792. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173792
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhusun, Helda, Roselynne Anggraini, Judhiastuty Februhartanty, Elise Mognard, Khalida Fauzia, Nursyifa Rahma Maulida, Ony Linda, and Jean-Pierre Poulain. 2023. "Breakfast Consumption and Quality of Macro- and Micronutrient Intake in Indonesia: A Study from the Indonesian Food Barometer" Nutrients 15, no. 17: 3792. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173792
APA StyleKhusun, H., Anggraini, R., Februhartanty, J., Mognard, E., Fauzia, K., Maulida, N. R., Linda, O., & Poulain, J. -P. (2023). Breakfast Consumption and Quality of Macro- and Micronutrient Intake in Indonesia: A Study from the Indonesian Food Barometer. Nutrients, 15(17), 3792. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173792