The Association of Carbohydrate Antigen (CA) 19-9 Levels and Low Skeletal Muscle Mass in Healthy Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Threshold Levels of Skeletal Muscle Mass and CA 19-9
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Comparison of CA 19-9 Level among Groups Classified by a Low Skeletal Muscle Mass
3.3. Association of High CA 19-9 with Low Skeletal Muscle Mass
3.4. Subgroup Analysis by Age and Sex
4. Discussion
5. Limitation
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Normal | Mild LMM | Severe LMM | * p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of subjects (n) | 263,061 | 226,759 | 32,532 | 3770 | |
Age (years) | 41.0 ± 9.5 | 41.0 ± 9.2 | 41.1 ± 10.8 | 44.2 ± 13.5 | <0.001 ‡,# |
Sex, Men (%) | 50.8 | 49.6 | 56.9 | 73.5 | <0.001 |
Screening center, Seoul (%) | 48.3 | 48.3 | 48.5 | 47.4 | 0.456 |
Height (cm) | 167.3 ± 8.6 | 167.6 ± 8.6 | 165.2 ± 8.1 | 164.3 ± 7.8 | <0.001 †,‡,# |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 3.5 | 24.0 ± 3.4 | 20.7 ± 2.2 | 19.4 ± 2.2 | <0.001 †,‡,# |
Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 20.2 ± 5.0 | 20.7 ± 4.9 | 17.6 ± 4.1 | 16.5 ± 3.4 | <0.001 †,‡,# |
SMI (kg/m2) | 7.1 ± 1.1 | 7.3 ± 1.1 | 6.4 ± 1.0 | 6.0 ± 0.8 | <0.001 †,‡,# |
Current smoker (%) | 14.8 | 14.5 | 15.8 | 21.8 | <0.001 |
Heavy drinking a (%) | 15.8 | 15.9 | 15.0 | 18.1 | <0.001 |
MET minutes per week (min/wk) | 1584.0 ± 3037.8 | 1616.9 ± 3068.9 | 1374.2 ± 2774.1 | 1415.9 ± 3253.3 | <0.001 †,‡ |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 109.6 ± 12.7 | 110.1 ± 12.7 | 106.5 ± 12.0 | 107.6 ± 13.1 | <0.001 †,‡,# |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.4 ± 9.7 | 70.5 ± 9.8 | 69.2 ± 9.3 | 70.2 ± 9.4 | <0.001 †,# |
Hypertension (%) | 8.5 | 8.6 | 7.6 | 10.5 | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 5.1 | <0.001 |
Insulin (uIU/mL) | 7.1 ± 4.8 | 7.3 ± 4.9 | 5.7 ± 3.3 | 5.1 ± 3.1 | <0.001 †,‡,# |
HOMA-IR | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | <0.001 †,‡,# |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 96.7 ± 15.2 | 96.9 ± 15.1 | 95.4 ± 15.5 | 96.9 ± 20.0 | <0.001 †,# |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 112.9 ± 78.6 | 114.7 ± 80.6 | 101.4 ± 63.0 | 102.4 ± 65.1 | <0.001 †,‡ |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 190.4 ± 33.9 | 190.4 ± 33.9 | 190.4 ± 33.9 | 190.6 ± 35.6 | 0.931 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 125.6 ± 33.1 | 125.8 ± 33.0 | 124.3 ± 33.2 | 123.8 ± 34.4 | <0.001 †,‡ |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 60.8 ± 16.2 | 60.3 ± 16.1 | 63.9 ± 16.3 | 64.1 ± 17.1 | <0.001 †,‡ |
AST (IU/L) | 22.2 ± 14.7 | 22.2 ± 14.8 | 21.6 ± 13.1 | 23.6 ± 21.1 | <0.001 †,‡,# |
ALT (IU/L) | 23.6 ± 19.9 | 23.7 ± 20.3 | 20.9 ± 16.8 | 21.8 ± 18.3 | <0.001 †,‡,# |
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.78 ± 0.36 | 0.78 ± 0.36 | 0.80 ± 0.37 | 0.83 ± 0.38 | <0.001 †,‡,# |
γ-GTP (IU/L) | 30.7 ± 39.5 | 30.8 ± 38.2 | 29.6 ± 41.6 | 37.2 ± 77.8 | <0.001 †,‡,# |
Alk-phosphatase (IU/L) | 59.4 ± 17.1 | 59.1 ± 17.0 | 60.9 ± 17.5 | 66.5 ± 21.1 | <0.001 †,‡,# |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.82 ± 0.22 | 0.82 ± 0.22 | 0.81 ± 0.19 | 0.83 ± 0.24 | <0.001†,‡,# |
CRP (mg/dL) | 0.11 ± 0.30 | 0.12 ± 0.29 | 0.10 ± 0.32 | 0.13 ± 0.43 | <0.001 †,‡,# |
CA 19-9 (U/mL) | 9.2 ± 10.2 | 9.2 ± 10.0 | 9.6 ± 8.6 | 10.4 ± 24.3 | <0.001 †,‡,# |
Mild LMM, OR (95% CI) | Severe LMM, OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|
Model 1 | ||
Normal (<30 U/mL) | [1] (reference) | [1] (reference) |
High CA 19-9 level (≥30 U/mL) | 1.531 (1.403–1.672) | 2.280 (1.835–2.835) |
Model 2 | ||
Normal (<30 U/mL) | [1] (reference) | [1] (reference) |
High CA 19-9 level (≥30 U/mL) | 1.530 (1.402–1.671) | 2.258 (1.816–2.807) |
Model 3 | ||
Normal (<30 U/mL) | [1] (reference) | [1] (reference) |
High CA 19-9 level (≥30 U/mL) | 1.677 (1.533–1.834) | 2.651 (2.126–3.306) |
Mild LMM, OR (95% CI) | Severe LMM, OR (95% CI) | p for Interaction | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.869 | ||
<40 (n = 134,353) | 1.439 (1.274–1.626) | 2.056 (1.463–2.890) | |
40~59 (n = 117,388) | 1.753 (1.506–2.041) | 2.397 (1.580–3.635) | |
≥60 (n = 11,320) | 1.415 (1.066–1.880) | 1.998 (1.284–3.111) | |
Sex | 0.003 | ||
Men (n = 133,685) | 1.939 (1.590–2.364) | 3.418 (2.452–4.764) | |
Women (n = 129,376) | 1.583 (1.431–1.752) | 2.117 (1.564–2.866) |
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Lee, J.H.; Kim, D.-K.; Lee, M.-Y.; Lim, H.-S.; Kwon, M.-J.; Lee, Y.-T.; Yoon, K.J.; Park, C.-H. The Association of Carbohydrate Antigen (CA) 19-9 Levels and Low Skeletal Muscle Mass in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3394. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153394
Lee JH, Kim D-K, Lee M-Y, Lim H-S, Kwon M-J, Lee Y-T, Yoon KJ, Park C-H. The Association of Carbohydrate Antigen (CA) 19-9 Levels and Low Skeletal Muscle Mass in Healthy Adults. Nutrients. 2023; 15(15):3394. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153394
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Jae Hyun, Dong-Kun Kim, Mi-Yeon Lee, Han-Sol Lim, Min-Jung Kwon, Yong-Taek Lee, Kyung Jae Yoon, and Chul-Hyun Park. 2023. "The Association of Carbohydrate Antigen (CA) 19-9 Levels and Low Skeletal Muscle Mass in Healthy Adults" Nutrients 15, no. 15: 3394. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153394
APA StyleLee, J. H., Kim, D.-K., Lee, M.-Y., Lim, H.-S., Kwon, M.-J., Lee, Y.-T., Yoon, K. J., & Park, C.-H. (2023). The Association of Carbohydrate Antigen (CA) 19-9 Levels and Low Skeletal Muscle Mass in Healthy Adults. Nutrients, 15(15), 3394. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153394