A Global Overview of Dietary Supplements: Regulation, Market Trends, Usage during the COVID-19 Pandemic, and Health Effects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of Dietary Supplements (DS)
2.1. Quantitative Research Literature Analysis
2.2. Characteristics of DS
Country | Category Name | Definition |
---|---|---|
China | Health food (HF) | HF refers to foods that claim to have specific health functions or provide vitamins and minerals. It is specific to certain groups and modifies organic functions in humans, but is not intended to treat disease and does not cause acute, sub-acute, or chronic harm to the human body. |
USA | Dietary supplements (DS) | DS are dietary supplements that contain one ingredient or multiple ingredients, such as vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, and enzymes, to supplement one’s total dietary intake. They are sold in forms such as tablets, capsules, softgels, gel capsules, powders, and liquids. Unlike medicines, dietary supplements are not intended to treat, diagnose, prevent, or cure disease. |
EU | Food supplements (FS) | FS are concentrated sources of nutrients or other substances containing a wide range of ingredients, including vitamins, minerals, amino acids, essential fatty acids, fiber, and various plant and herbal extracts, that have a nutritional or physiological effect and are available in specific dosage forms (pills, tablets, capsules, liquids) to supplement one’s normal diet. |
Canada | Natural health products (NHP) | NHP is a category of naturally derived products such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, probiotics, herbal and homeopathic medicines, and traditional medicines intended to improve human health (diagnosis; treatment; alleviation or prevention of a disease, disorder, or abnormal physical condition or its symptoms; restoration; modification or correction of organic functions). |
Australia | Complementary medicine (CM) | CMs are therapeutic products consisting of one or more designated active ingredients, each of which has an established identity and a traditional use that is not of the conventional healthcare practices of a country. |
2.3. Consumer Interest in DS and Uptake
2.4. Safety Issues, Efficacy, and Quality of DS
3. Legislative and Regulatory Issues
3.1. Regulation in the United States of America (USA)
3.2. Regulation in China
3.3. Regulation in European Union (EU)
3.4. Regulation in Algeria
4. Trends in the Use of DS before and during the Emergence of the COVID-19 Pandemic
4.1. Characteristics of the Consumption of DS
4.2. Consumption of Supplements According to Pandemic Status
Most Used DS (%) | Vit. D | 39.0 | 55.7 | 15.3 | 31.6 | 49.1 | 60.2 | 50.1 | 52.5 | 31.1 | 30 | 22.4 |
Vit. C | 19.4 | 77.8 | 11.4 | 84.5 | 26.6 | 31.4 | 30.1 | 27.0 | - | - | 23.0 | |
Vit. B | - | 14.1 | 9.1 | 9.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6.2 | |
Multivitamin | 27.4 | 21.9 | 16.6 | 17 | 43.9 | 58.3 | 41 | - | - | 14 | 12.6 | |
Zinc | 15.8 | 42.9 | 5.7 | 8 | 12.4 | 13.4 | 17.8 | 17.4 | 1.8 | 9 | 30.4 | |
Selenium | - | 19.3 | - | - | - | - | - | 13.1 | - | - | 2.5 | |
Omega 3 | 81.9 | - | 8.6 | 11.7 | 22.4 | 26.8 | 22.6 | 25.0 | - | - | 25.5 | |
Probiotic | 22.3 | - | 4 | 4.4 | 11.6 | 22.5 | 12.8 | 4.5 | 20.9 | - | - | |
Country | Turkey | Middle East | Turkey | UAE | UK | USA | Sweden | Poland | Poland | Tehran | Egypt | |
Number of Participants | 550 | 2100 | 488 | 2060 | 372,720 | 45,757 | 27,373 | 3274 | 935 | 510 | 400 | |
Type of Study | Cross-sectional | Cross-sectional (web survey) | Cross-sectional | Cross-sectional inquiry | App-based community survey | Cross-sectional (web survey) | Survey (questionnaire) | Cross-sectional inquiry | Cross-sectisectional | |||
References | [67] | [6] | [68] | [69] | [46] | [10] | [70] | [71] | [72] |
Nutrient | Health Benefits | Mode of Action against SARS-CoV-2 | References |
---|---|---|---|
Vit. D | Support immune system; immunomodulating, anti inflammatory, and anti-infectious role |
| [81,82,83,84,85] |
Vit. C | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anti-thrombotic effects; pleiotropic function |
| [4,9,65,86] |
Zinc | Immunomodulatory and antiviral properties |
| [53,75,76,77,79,87] |
5. The Market for Dietary Supplements in Producer and Consumer Countries and the Impact of the COVD-19 Pandemic
5.1. Distribution Channel
5.2. DS Global Market
5.3. Market Size of DS in USA and EU
5.4. Market Size of DS in the Middle East and Africa
5.5. Economic Impact of DS
6. Consumer Profile of DS
6.1. Pregnant and Lactating Women
6.2. Older Adults
6.3. Children and Infants
6.4. Athletes
6.5. Others
7. Conclusions and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Contributor | Publication Count (% of Total) | |
---|---|---|
Country/Territory | ||
United States | 12,797 (26.3) | |
China | 6383 (13.1) | |
United Kingdom | 3571 (7.3) | |
Italy | 3152 (6.5) | |
Canada | 2579 (5.3) | |
Journal | ||
Nutrients | 2769 (5.7) | |
Poultry Science | 1120 (2.3) | |
Journal of Animal Science | 1012 (2) | |
PLOS One | 909 (1.9) | |
Journal of Dairy Science | 753 (1.5) | |
Scopus category | ||
Medicine | 25,160 (51.8) | |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 14,558 (29.9) | |
Biochemistry, Genetics Molecular Biology | 12,776 (26.3) | |
Nursing | 11,617 (23.9) | |
Chemistry | 3892 (8) |
USA | EU | China | Algeria | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regulatory agency | Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |
|
| NA | |
Regulation and law |
|
|
| / | |
Compliance process |
| Notification/registration |
| / | |
Category | Foods | + | + | + | + |
Medicines | − | − | − | − | |
Manufacturer Registration | − | + (Limited) | + | − | |
Presence of a positive list | − | + | + | NA | |
Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) | + | + (HACCP) | + | NA | |
Clinical trials of individual products | − | + (New ingredients) | + (New ingredients) | NA | |
Obligated to display the usage and dosage | + | + | + | NA | |
Serious adverse event reporting | + | + | − | NA | |
Labeling and packaging | + | + | + | NA | |
Shape description | + | + | Often | NA | |
Advertising requirements | + | + | + | NA | |
Health claims | − | − | − | NA |
Before the Pandemic (%) | During the Pandemic (%) | Type of Study | Country | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vitamins | 27.7 | 58.0 | Cross-sectional (online questionnaire) | Algeria | [49] |
Vit. D | 7.1 | 22.4 | |||
Vit. C | 19.8 | 53.1 | |||
Minerals | 18.4 | 50.0 | |||
Zinc | 4.6 | 44.9 | |||
Magnesium | 11.5 | 18.9 | |||
Selenium | 0.8 | 6.1 | |||
Others | 9.0 | 12.6 | |||
Omega 3 | 4.2 | 9.7 | |||
Vitamins | Cross-sectional (questionnaire-based) | Saudi Arabia | [51] | ||
Vit. D | 34.6 | 35.1 | |||
Vit. C | 48.8 | 68.4 | |||
Vitamins | Cross-sectional (online survey) | Saudi Arabia | [50] | ||
Vit. D | 20.6 | 18.7 | |||
Vit. C | 12.5 | 14.9 | |||
Multivitamin | 24.6 | 44.9 | |||
Minerals | |||||
Zinc | 1.3 | 4.6 | |||
Vitamins | Cross-sectional (online survey) | Lebanon | [48] | ||
Vit. D | 35.5 | 41.0 | |||
Vit. C | 35.3 | 42.1 | |||
Vit. E | 15.2 | 17.5 | |||
Minerals | |||||
Zinc | 18.8 | 29.3 | |||
Vitamins | Cross-sectional | Turkey | [52] | ||
Vit. D | 10.7 | 5.5 | |||
Vit. C | 14.2 | 41.1 | |||
Minerals | |||||
Calcium | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||
Zinc | 0.2 | - |
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Share and Cite
Djaoudene, O.; Romano, A.; Bradai, Y.D.; Zebiri, F.; Ouchene, A.; Yousfi, Y.; Amrane-Abider, M.; Sahraoui-Remini, Y.; Madani, K. A Global Overview of Dietary Supplements: Regulation, Market Trends, Usage during the COVID-19 Pandemic, and Health Effects. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3320. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153320
Djaoudene O, Romano A, Bradai YD, Zebiri F, Ouchene A, Yousfi Y, Amrane-Abider M, Sahraoui-Remini Y, Madani K. A Global Overview of Dietary Supplements: Regulation, Market Trends, Usage during the COVID-19 Pandemic, and Health Effects. Nutrients. 2023; 15(15):3320. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153320
Chicago/Turabian StyleDjaoudene, Ouarda, Anabela Romano, Yasmine Djedjiga Bradai, Feriel Zebiri, Amina Ouchene, Yasmine Yousfi, Meriem Amrane-Abider, Yasmine Sahraoui-Remini, and Khodir Madani. 2023. "A Global Overview of Dietary Supplements: Regulation, Market Trends, Usage during the COVID-19 Pandemic, and Health Effects" Nutrients 15, no. 15: 3320. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153320
APA StyleDjaoudene, O., Romano, A., Bradai, Y. D., Zebiri, F., Ouchene, A., Yousfi, Y., Amrane-Abider, M., Sahraoui-Remini, Y., & Madani, K. (2023). A Global Overview of Dietary Supplements: Regulation, Market Trends, Usage during the COVID-19 Pandemic, and Health Effects. Nutrients, 15(15), 3320. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153320