Perfectionism or Perfectionisms in Orthorexia Nervosa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (a)
- Individuals with high orthorexic characteristics could show more perfectionism than individuals with low orthorexic characteristics. In particular, orthorexic dieters could score higher on perfectionism scales than dieters without orthorexic features.
- (b)
- Dieters with high orthorexic features could score higher on perfectionism scales than non-dieters with orthorexic features.
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
- −
- Eating Habits Questionnaire (EHQ-21) [34], Italian version by [35]: a 21-item questionnaire to evaluate orthorexia nervosa on a four-point Likert scale divided into three scales: “Knowledge”, “Problems”, and “Feelings”. Psychometric properties (internal consistency and test–retest reliability) were good in the original and the Italian validation of the instrument. For the current study, Cronbach’s α displayed an excellent internal consistency for the total score (Cronbach’s α = 0.91) and the three scales.
- −
- Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) [20,36], Italian version by [37]: a 35-item questionnaire to assess perfectionism on a five-point Likert scale. The authors identified the dimension of positive strivings of perfectionism, with higher levels of planning and lower procrastination (expressed by the “Personal Standards” scale), and negative perfectionism, characterised by maladaptive concerns about actions (“Concern over Mistakes” and “Doubting of Actions” scales). The original and the Italian psychometric properties were good and, in the current study, internal consistency was good both for MPS Striving (Cronbach’s α = 0.86) and MPS Concerns (Cronbach’s α = 0.93).
- −
- Eating Disorder Inventory-3 (EDI-3) [21], Italian version by [22]: a 91-item questionnaire used to assess symptoms and features of eating disorders and scored on a six-point Likert scale. The questionnaire is composed of twelve scales measuring eating disorder symptoms and general psychological features related to the development of EDs (which included “Perfectionism”). In both the original and Italian validation internal consistency and test-retest reliability were good. For the current study, “EDI-Perfectionism” showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.70), as did other subscales.
- −
- Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-46) [23,24], Italian version by [38,39]: a 46-item questionnaire that uses a seven-point Likert scale used to evaluate cognitive domains related to the development and maintenance of obsessive–compulsive disorder. It is composed of five subscales in which is included “Perfectionism”, a measure of the need to do things perfectly, and the perceived sense of failure when certain personal standards are not met. Psychometric properties (internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent/discriminant validity) were good both in the original and Italian validation. This study showed excellent internal consistency for the “OBQ-Perfectionism” scale (Cronbach’s α = 0.92) and other dimensions.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.2. Perfectionism and Orthorexia Nervosa
3.3. Differences between High and Low EHQ in Perfectionist Traits
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group Type | N (%) or M (SD) | Pearson Chi-Square or F | p | Partial η2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI | Diet | 24.65 (5.42) | 18.49 | <0.001 | 0.10 |
No Diet | 21.84 (3.38) | ||||
Gender (% female) | Diet | 50 (53.8%) | 4.67 | <0.01 | 0.16 |
No Diet | 65 (69.1%) | ||||
Marital status (% single or fiancé) | Diet | 24 (25.8%) | 92.95 | <0.001 | 0.71 |
No Diet | 89 (94.7%) | ||||
Employment (% full time) | Diet | 48 (51.6%) | 149.89 | <0.001 | 0.90 |
No Diet | 2 (2.1%) | ||||
Employment (% student) | Diet | 7 (7.5%) | |||
No Diet | 91 (96.8%) | ||||
Age | Diet | 45.56 (12.85) | 297.82 | <0.001 | 0.30 |
No Diet | 22.60 (3.27) | ||||
Years of school attendance | Diet | 14.34 (3.35) | 19.86 | <0.001 | 0.07 |
No Diet | 16.09 (1.55) |
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Novara, C.; Piasentin, S.; Mattioli, S.; Pardini, S.; Maggio, E. Perfectionism or Perfectionisms in Orthorexia Nervosa. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3289. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153289
Novara C, Piasentin S, Mattioli S, Pardini S, Maggio E. Perfectionism or Perfectionisms in Orthorexia Nervosa. Nutrients. 2023; 15(15):3289. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153289
Chicago/Turabian StyleNovara, Caterina, Sara Piasentin, Sofia Mattioli, Susanna Pardini, and Eleonora Maggio. 2023. "Perfectionism or Perfectionisms in Orthorexia Nervosa" Nutrients 15, no. 15: 3289. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153289