Cross-Classification Analysis of Food Products Based on Nutritional Quality and Degree of Processing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Food Classification
2.3. Nutri-Score
2.4. NOVA Classification
2.5. Multiple Traffic Lights System
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Groups and Subgroups | Foods Included | |
---|---|---|
Fruits, vegetables and pulses | ||
Vegetables | Fresh | Vegetables in natura. |
Processed | Frozen and canned vegetables, pickles and pates. | |
Nuts and seeds | Nuts | Various nuts, including almonds, peanuts, walnut and cashew. |
Seeds | Various seeds, including flaxseed, chia, pumpkin and pine nuts. | |
Processed nuts | Caramelized nuts, peanut and almond butter, tahini. | |
Fresh fruit | Fresh fruit | Fruit in natura |
Fruit jars | Commercial fruit jars intended for infant feeding | |
Processed fruit | Canned fruit | Canned fruit in sugar syrup. |
Dehydrated fruit | Dried and dehydrated fruit. | |
Pulses | Dried and fresh pulses, including beans, chickpeas, green peas, broad beans and lentils. | |
Soup | ||
Soups | Vegetable, meat and fish soups | |
Dairy products | ||
Milk | Milk | Cow’s milk, goat and sheep milk, fat milk, half-fat and skimmed milk, lactose-free milk, and easy-to-digest milk. |
Processed milk | Milkshakes, chocolate milk and flavoured milk. | |
Milk powder, condensed and evaporated | Milk powder, condensed milk and evaporated milk. | |
Dairy cream | Pasteurized and UHT cream, whipped cream and flavoured cooking cream. | |
Yogurt and other fermented milk | Solid yogurts and fermented solid milk, liquid yogurts, fat and skimmed yogurts and kefir. | |
Cheese and Curd | Goat, cow, sheep, fresh, cured, cream and curd cheese and protected designation of origin (PDO) products. | |
Cereals, derivatives and tubers | ||
Pasta | Fresh and dry pasta, stuffed pasta, whole and gluten-free pasta. | |
Rice and other grains | Rice | Common rice, brown and wild rice. |
Other grains | Various grains, including corn, buckwheat, quinoa, bulgur and oats. | |
Potatoes and other tubers | Potato, sweet potato, yam, cassava. | |
Bread and toasts | All kinds of bread of different cereals, including bread, toast, bread, breadcrumbs, and gressinos. | |
Flour, pasta for bread and pastries | Flours, starches, flakes, semolinas, pasta for bread, pizza dough, broken dough, puff pastry and sanded. | |
Infant cereals | Dairy and non-dairy flour | |
Breakfast cereals and cereal bars | Breakfast cereals | Sugary cereals, muesli, granola, bran. |
Cereal bars | Sugary cereal bars, simple, with fruit, with chocolate. | |
Meat, seafood and eggs | ||
Meat | Poultry meat and breeding | Chicken meat, turkey, rabbit, hare, pigeon, quail, duck |
Red meat | Beef, veal, goat, lamb, lamb, pork, boar, horse, goat. | |
Entrails | Various entrails include chicken, pig, cow, veal, and sheep. | |
Cold cuts and other processed meats | Cold cuts and other meats | |
Seafood | Fresh, dry and canned fish | Fresh, dried, canned fish, fish roe, and dried fish, including codfish and smoked salmon. |
Crustaceans, molluscs, derivatives and other | Octopus, squid, shrimp, clams, mussels, oysters, including canned. | |
Processed fish | Fish fingers, whims of the sea, pates, surimi, fish pastes. | |
Eggs | Chicken eggs, quail, egg powder, liquid egg, egg white. | |
Oils and fats | ||
Vegetal oils | Peanut oil, palm, soybean, corn, sunflower and mixtures. | |
Olive oil | Olive oil | |
Butter | Salted butter, unsalted butter, lactose-free butter. | |
Margarines and minarines | Vegetable creams, minarines, margarines, industrial fats | |
Other fats | Fish oil, lard and sebum | |
Sweets, cakes and cookies | ||
Sweets | Added sugar | White sugar, brown, demerara, vanilla. |
Honey, molasses and syrup | Honey, molasses and syrup | |
Jellies, jams and candied fruits | Jams, fruit jam, jellies, marmalade, guava jelly, candied fruits. | |
Sweets, gums and chewing gum | Sweets, jellybeans and gums. | |
Chocolates and chocolate snacks | Chocolates and chocolate snacks. | |
Ice cream | Milk and cream ice creams and sorbets | |
Sweet desserts | Dairy desserts, chocolate mousse, fruit mousses, eggs-based Portuguese desserts and egg creams, gelatine. | |
Cakes | Cakes, pies, croissants and other pastries with or without cream, including homemade recipes. | |
Biscuits and commercial cookies | Cookies, water and salt crackers, chocolate and stuffed cookies, cookies with topping, whole cookies and other types. | |
Artificial sweeteners | ||
Artificial sweeteners | Aspartame, sucrose, sucralose, stevia, sodium cyclamate. | |
Snacks, pretzels and pizzas | ||
Snacks and packed chips | Bread snacks, packed chips, salted popcorn and packaged fried snacks. | |
Stuffed and fried patties and pizzas | Patties, croquettes, codfish cakes, pies, meatballs, puff pastry and pizzas. | |
Meat substitutes | ||
Meat substitutes | Vegetable burger, vegetable sausage, tofu, seitan, veggie pâté. | |
Milk and dairy products substitutes | ||
Milk and dairy products substitutes | Coconut, oat and soy drinks, soy yogurt, vegetable yogurt, soy dessert, non-dairy cream. | |
Adding salt | ||
Adding salt | Coarse salt, table salt, iodate salt and salt flower. | |
Others | ||
Others | Yeasts and gelatines, aromas and essentials, herbs and spices, condiments, sauces and mayonnaises, broths and soups powdered. | |
Non-alcoholic beverages | ||
Water | Natural mineral water, carbonated mineral water, and flavoured water. | |
Tea and infusions | Black and green tea, herbs and fruit infusions. | |
Coffee | Coffee, decaffeinated, coffee mixes, chicory, substitutes and coffee substitutes. | |
Natural fruit juices and 100% juices | Natural fruit juices, 100% fruit and vegetable juices | |
Nectars | Fruit and vegetable nectars, light nectars. | |
Soft drinks | Soft drinks with and without gas, lemonade, tonic water, energy drinks, concentrated juices. | |
Other non-alcoholic beverages | Isotonic drinks, non-alcoholic beer and non-alcoholic cocktails. | |
Alcoholic beverages | ||
Wine | White, green and red wine. | |
Generous wines and liqueurs | Porto wine, moscatel, liqueurs, Martini. | |
Beer | White, black and redhead beer | |
Distilled beverages | Whisky, brandy, tequila, rum. | |
Other alcoholic beverages | Cider, sangria, panaché, poncha. |
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Total Fat | Saturated Fat | Sugar | Salt | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Foods | g/100 g | |||
Low | ≤3 | ≤1.5 | ≤5 | ≤0.3 |
Medium | 3–17.5 | 1.5–5 | 5–22.5 | 0.3–1.5 |
High | >17.5 | >5 | >22.5 | >1.5 |
Beverages | g/100 mL | |||
Low | ≤1.5 | ≤0.75 | ≤2.5 | ≤0.3 |
Medium | 1.5–8.75 | 0.75–2.5 | 2.5–11.25 | 0.3–0.75 |
High | >8.75 | >2.5 | >11.25 | 0.75 |
NOVA Classification | Nutri-Score | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food Group | Food Subgroup | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | A | B | C | D | E | FSAm-NPS Score |
n (%) | n (%) | Median (P25; P75) | |||||||||
Fruits, vegetables and pulses (n = 146) | Vegetables (n = 31) | 8 (25.8) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (9.7) | 20 (64.5) | 20 (62.5) | 5 (16.1) | 5 (16.1) | 1 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | −2.0 (−6.0; 1.0) |
Nuts and seeds (n = 30) | 19 (63.3) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (30.0) | 2 (6.7) | 9 (30.0) | 10 (33.3) | 6 (20.0) | 5 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2.0 (−1.0; 5.5) | |
Processed fruit (n = 33) | 14 (42.4) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (39.4) | 6 (18.2) | 6 (18.2) | 11 (33.3) | 14 (42.4) | 2 (6.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2.0 (0.0; 4.0) | |
Pulses (n = 52) | 3 (5.8) | 0 (0.0) | 35 (67.3) | 14 (26.9) | 44 (84.6) | 3 (5.8) | 5 (9.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | −8.0 (−8.0; −4.0) | |
Dairy products (n = 452) | Milk (n = 43) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.7) | 41 (95.3) | 16 (37.2) | 24 (55.8) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (2.3) | 0.0 (−1.0; 1.0) |
Dairy cream (n = 17) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 16 (94.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 17 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 14.0 (12.5; 14.5) | |
Yogurt and other fermented milk (n = 244) | 12 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (3.7) | 223 (91.4) | 58 (23.8) | 124 (50.8) | 61 (25.0) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1.0 (0.0; 3.0) | |
Cheese and Curd (n = 148) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 45 (30.4) | 103 (69.6) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (10.1) | 37 (25.0) | 46 (31.1) | 50 (33.8) | 6.5 (4.0; 11.0) | |
Cereals, derivatives and tubers (n = 324) | Rice and other grains (n = 15) | 3 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (46.7) | 5 (33.3) | 8 (53.3) | 4 (26.7) | 3 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | −1.0 (−4.0; 2.0) |
Potatoes and other tubers (n = 5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (40.0) | 3 (60.0) | 2 (40.0) | 2 (40.0) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 (−2.5; 3.5) | |
Bread and toast (n = 96) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 96 (100) | 36 (37.5) | 26 (27.1) | 23 (24.0) | 11 (11.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 (−2.5; 3.5) | |
Flours, pasta for bread and pastries (n = 14) | 2 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (85.7) | 6 (42.9) | 1 (7.1) | 6 (42.9) | 1 (7.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2.0 (−4.0: 8.0) | |
Breakfast cereals and cereal bars (n = 194) | 7 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | 186 (95.9) | 34 (17.5) | 20 (10.3) | 72 (37.1) | 62 (32.0) | 6 (3.1) | 9.0 (0.0; 12.0) | |
Meat, seafood and eggs (n = 459) | Meat (n = 381) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 16 (4.2) | 364 (95.5) | 2 (0.5) | 24 (6.3) | 38 (10.0) | 147 (38.6) | 170 (44.6) | 17.0 (11.0; 23.0) |
Seafood (n = 78) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 35 (44.9) | 43 (55.1) | 8 (10.3) | 46 (59.0) | 21 (26.9) | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2.0 (0.0; 3.0) | |
Oils and fats (n = 101) | Vegetal oils (n = 22) | 0 (0.0) | 18 (81.8) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (18.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.5) | 17 (77.3) | 4 (18.2) | 11.0 (11.0; 13.0) |
Olive oil (n = 16) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (81.3) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (18.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 16 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6.0 (6.0; 6.0) | |
Butter (n = 40) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (17.5) | 21 (52.5) | 12 (30.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (15.0) | 34 (85.0) | 23.0 (19.0; 25.0) | |
Margarines and minarines (n = 18) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 18 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (33.3) | 8 (44.4) | 4 (22.2) | 14.0 (9.8; 17.5) | |
Other fats (n = 5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (80.0) | 1 (20.0) | 16.0 (13.0; 19.0) | |
Sweets, cakes and cookies (n = 576) | Sweets (n = 303) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.3) | 299 (98.7) | 6 (2.0) | 7 (2.3) | 71 (23.4) | 101 (33.3) | 118 (38.9) | 16.0 (10.0; 22.0) |
Cakes (n = 37) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 37 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.4) | 2 (5.4) | 17 (45.9) | 16 (43.2) | 18.0 (14.5; 20.5) | |
Biscuits and commercial cookies (n = 236) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 236 (100) | 3 (1.3) | 6 (2.5) | 47 (19.9) | 89 (37.7) | 91 (38.6) | 17.0 (11.0; 22.0) | |
Snacks, pretzels and pizzas (n = 264) | Snacks and packed chips (n = 167) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 66 (39.5) | 101 (60.5) | 5 (3.0) | 9 (5.4) | 78 (46.7) | 59 (35.3) | 16 (9.6) | 10.0 (8.0; 14.0) |
Stuffed and fried patties and pizzas (n = 97) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 97 (100) | 6 (6.2) | 30 (30.9) | 37 (38.1) | 23 (23.7) | 1 (1.0) | 4.0 (2.0; 10.5) | |
Meat substitutes (n = 58) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.4) | 56 (96.6) | 25 (43.1) | 9 (15.5) | 14 (24.1) | 9 (15.5) | 1 (1.7) | 0.5 (−2.0; 9.3) | |
Milk and dairy products substitutes (n = 65) | 2 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (7.7) | 58 (89.2) | 17 (26.2) | 37 (56.9) | 1 (1.5) | 2 (3.1) | 8 (12.3) | 0.0 (−1.0; 1.0) | |
Ready meals (n = 35) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (11.4) | 31 (88.6) | 6 (17.1) | 13 (37.1) | 13 (37.1) | 3 (8.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2.0 (0.0; 5.0) | |
Others (n = 54) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 54 (100.0) | 2 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | 27 (50.0) | 17 (31.5) | 8 (14.8) | 10.0 (6.0; 16.0) | |
Non-alcoholic beverages (n = 148) | Natural fruit juices and 100% juices (n = 23) | 9 (39.1) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (39.1) | 5 (21.7) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (13.0) | 10 (43.5) | 6 (26.1) | 4 (17.4) | 5.0 (3.0; 7.0) |
Nectars (n = 21) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 21 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (19.0) | 2 (9.5) | 15 (71.4) | 11.0 (6.5; 13.0) | |
Soft drinks (n = 104) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 104 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (11.5) | 23 (22.1) | 38 (36.5) | 31 (29.8) | 6.0 (4.0; 11.0) |
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Abreu, S.; Liz Martins, M. Cross-Classification Analysis of Food Products Based on Nutritional Quality and Degree of Processing. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3117. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143117
Abreu S, Liz Martins M. Cross-Classification Analysis of Food Products Based on Nutritional Quality and Degree of Processing. Nutrients. 2023; 15(14):3117. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143117
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbreu, Sandra, and Margarida Liz Martins. 2023. "Cross-Classification Analysis of Food Products Based on Nutritional Quality and Degree of Processing" Nutrients 15, no. 14: 3117. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143117