Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Its Relationship to Metabolic Markers and Body Composition in Portuguese University Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Participants’ Characterization and Instruments
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Population (n = 70) | Low Adherence (n = 23) | High Adherence (n = 47) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, % (n) | ||||
Male | 25.70 (18) | 39.10 (9) | 19.10 (9) | 0.072 c |
Female | 74.30 (52) | 60.90 (14) | 80.9 (38) | |
Age, years | 23.00 (7.00) | 24.00 (7.00) | 23.00 (7.00) | 0.598 b |
Height, m | 1.67 (0.08) | 1.68 (0.72) | 1.66 (0.85) | 0.500 a |
Mass, kg | 59.40 (14.00) | 63.80 (20.80) | 57.10 (13.60) | 0.138 b |
BMI, kg/m2 | 21.99 (2.79) | 23.10 (3.34) | 21.44 (2.32) | 0.018 a |
Waist Circumference, cm | 70.95 (14.00) | 76.00 (16.50) | 68.00 (7.30) | 0.004 b |
Liquid Ingestion, L/day | 2.00 (1.00) | 2.00 (1.00) | 2.00 (1.00) | 0.749 b |
Monthly Family Income, % (n) | ||||
Under EUR 1000 | 8.60 (6) | 8.70 (2) | 8.50 (4) | 1.000 d |
EUR 1000–3000 | 65.70 (46) | 65.20 (15) | 66.00 (31) | |
EUR > 3000 | 25.70 (18) | 26.10 (6) | 25.50 (12) | |
Smoking Status, % (n) | ||||
Smoker | 11.40 (8) | 17.40 (4) | 8.50 (4) | 0.564 d |
Ex-Smoker | 11.40 (8) | 13.00 (3) | 10.60 (5) | |
Non-Smoker | 77.10 (54) | 69.60 (16) | 80.90 (38) | |
Academic course, % (n) | ||||
Health | 62.90 (44) | 60.90 (14) | 63.80 (30) | 0.810 c |
Other | 37.1 (26) | 39.10 (9) | 36.20 (17) | |
Home Living, % (n) | ||||
Parents’ home | 48.60 (34) | 56.50 (13) | 44.70 (21) | 0.590 c |
With other students | 17.10 (12) | 13.00 (3) | 19.10 (9) | |
Partner | 18.60 (13) | 21.70 (5) | 17.00 (8) | |
Alone | 15.70 (11) | 8.70 (2) | 19.10 (9) |
Total Population (n = 70) | Low Adherence (n = 23) | High Adherence (n = 47) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.23 (0.40) | 5.19 (0.39) | 5.26 (0.40) | 0.530 a |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 93.50 (68.00) | 89.00 (73.00) | 98.00 (70.00) | 0.822 b |
Total Cholesterol, mg/dL | 169.24 (32.09) | 167.30 (36.57) | 170.19 (30.04) | 0.726 a |
HDL, mg/dL | 60.77 (15.61) | 53.87 (9.90) | 64.15 (22.00) | 0.009 a |
Glucose, mg/dL | 89.50 (15.00) | 94.00 (14.00) | 88.00 (12.00) | 0.057 b |
LDL, mg/dL | 82.00 (27.45) | 90.50 (40.00) | 81.00 (28.00) | 0.210 a |
VLDL, mg/dL | 19.00 (13.00) | 17.50 (14.00) | 20.00 (14.00) | 0.523 a |
TC/HDL ratio, mg/dL | 2.75 (0.84) | 3.06 (1.07) | 2.65 (0.74) | 0.017 a |
Non-HDL, mg/dL | 105.00 (30.00) | 111.50 (44.00) | 105.00 (26.00) | 0.460 a |
Systolic Blood Pressure, mm Hg | 110.00 (12.06) | 113.13 (10.57) | 108.47 (12.55) | 0.130 a |
Diastolic Blood Pressure, mm Hg | 70.50 (14.00) | 70.00 (13.00) | 71.00 (15.00) | 0.131 b |
Heart Rate, bpm | 68.00 (14.00) | 66.00 (13.00) | 69.00 (17.00) | 0.381 b |
Total Population (n = 70) | Low Adherence (n = 23) | High Adherence (n = 47) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total BMD, % | 1.94 (0.24) | 1.86 (0.23) | 1.98 (0.24) | 0.060 a |
Total BMC, % | 3.88 (0.33) | 3.81 (0.29) | 3.91 (0.35) | 0.229 a |
Fat Mass, % | 27.88 (6.90) | 28.76 (7.88) | 27.45 (6.41) | 0.460 a |
Lean Mass, % | 68.23 (6.73) | 67.41 (7.72) | 68.63 (6.24) | 0.481 a |
Fat-Free Mass, % | 72.11 (6.89) | 71.22 (7.88) | 72.54 (6.39) | 0.455 a |
VAT, cm3 | 141.50 (238.00) | 267.00 (334.00) | 106.00 (155.00) | 0.005 a |
SAT, cm3 | 858.37 (485.16) | 1076.61 (603.05) | 751.58 (379.03) | 0.008 b |
Mean (SD) | p-Value a | |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 8.78 (1.63) | 0.221 |
Female | 9.38 (1.85) | |
Academic course | ||
Health | 9.25 (1.87) | 0.898 |
Other | 9.19 (1.72) | |
Student Worker | ||
Yes | 9.21 (1.98) | 0.904 |
No | 9.26 (1.59) | |
Grade Level | ||
Bachelor’s | 9.33 (1.86) | 0.543 |
Master’s | 8.82 (1.43) | |
PhD | 9.57 (2.30) | |
Year Coursing—Bachelor’s | ||
1st | 8.33 (1.75) | 0.051 |
2nd | 10.20 (2.17) | |
3rd | 9.83 (1.63) | |
4th | 8.36 (1.86) | |
Type of housing | ||
Family | 9.12 (1.84) | 0.620 |
Friends/Partner/Alone | 9.33 (1.79) | |
Residence | ||
Urban | 9.07 (1.71) | 0.104 |
Rural | 10.00 (2.13) | |
Monthly Family Income | ||
Up to EUR 1000 | 8.67 (1.51) | 0.697 |
EUR 1000–3000 | 9.33 (1.71) | |
EUR > 3000 | 9.17 (2.15) | |
Smoking Status. % (n) | ||
Smoker | 8.25 (1.74) | 0.224 |
Ex-Smoker | 9.00 (2.00) | |
Non-Smoker | 9.41 (1.74) | |
PAL | ||
Low | 9.18 (2.27) | 0.413 |
Medium | 9.47 (1.78) | |
High | 8.76 (1.25) |
Recommendation | Compliance by Sex | Compliance by Course | Compliance by Living Arrangement | Compliance by Income Level | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | p-Value a | Health | Other | p-Value a | Friends | Family | p-Value a | EUR < 1000 | EUR 1000–3000 | EUR > 3000 | p-Value a | ||
1. Do you use olive oil as a main culinary fat? | Yes | 94.40 | 94.20 | 0.973 | 95.50 | 92.30 | 0.584 | 100.00 | 88.90 | 0.045 | 100.00 | 93.50 | 94.40 | 0.811 |
2. How much olive oil do you consume in a given day (including the oil used for frying. salads. out-of-house meals. etc.)? | ≥4 tbsp | 22.20 | 34.60 | 0.329 | 36.40 | 23.10 | 0.247 | 38.20 | 25.00 | 0.233 | 83.30 | 28.30 | 22.20 | 0.015 |
3. How many vegetable servings do you consume per day? (1 serving: 200 g consider side dishes as half a serving)) | ≥2 (≥1 portion raw or as a salad) | 72.20 | 73.10 | 0.944 | 72.70 | 73.10 | 0.975 | 67.60 | 77.80 | 0.341 | 100.00 | 76.10 | 55.60 | 0.074 |
4. How many fruit units (including natural fruit juices) do you consume per day? | ≥3 | 61.10 | 48.10 | 0.340 | 50.00 | 53.80 | 0.756 | 55.90 | 47.20 | 0.469 | 16.70 | 58.70 | 44.40 | 0.121 |
5. How many servings of red meat. hamburger. or meat products (ham. sausage. etc.) do you consume per day? (1 serving: 100–150 g) | <1 | 66.70 | 86.50 | 0.062 | 81.80 | 80.80 | 0.913 | 76.50 | 86.10 | 0.300 | 100.00 | 80.40 | 77.80 | 0.459 |
6. How many servings of butter. margarine. or cream you consume per day? (1 serving: 12 g) | <1 | 72.20 | 80.80 | 0.446 | 77.30 | 80.80 | 0.730 | 73.50 | 83.30 | 0.318 | 66.70 | 71.70 | 100.00 | 0.035 |
7. How many sweet or carbonated beverages do you drink per day? | <1 | 88.90 | 92.30 | 0.655 | 90.90 | 92.30 | 0.840 | 88.20 | 94.40 | 0.354 | 66.70 | 93.50 | 94.40 | 0.076 |
8. How much wine do you drink per week? | ≥7 glasses | 5.60 | 7.70 | 0.762 | 6.80 | 7.70 | 0.891 | 8.80 | 5.60 | 0.596 | 0.00 | 4.30 | 16.70 | 0.177 |
9. How many servings of legumes do you consume per week? (1 serving: 150 g) | ≥3 | 66.70 | 59.60 | 0.596 | 47.70 | 84.60 | 0.002 | 44.10 | 77.80 | 0.004 | 66.70 | 58.70 | 66.70 | 0.809 |
10. How many servings of fish or shellfish do you consume per week? (1 serving of 100–150 g of fish or 4–5 units or 200 g of shellfish) | ≥3 | 27.80 | 73.10 | 0.001 | 72.70 | 42.30 | 0.012 | 70.60 | 52.80 | 0.126 | 33.30 | 67.40 | 55.60 | 0.229 |
11. How many times per week do you consume commercial sweets or pastries (not homemade). such as cakes. cookies. biscuits. or custard? | <3 | 88.90 | 67.30 | 0.076 | 72.70 | 73.10 | 0.975 | 61.80 | 83.30 | 0.043 | 33.30 | 78.30 | 72.20 | 0.066 |
12. How many servings of nuts (including peanuts) do you consume per week? (1 serving 30 g) | ≥3 | 55.60 | 55.80 | 0.987 | 56.80 | 53.80 | 0.809 | 47.10 | 63.90 | 0.157 | 33.30 | 63.00 | 44.40 | 0.207 |
13. Do you preferentially consume chicken. turkey. or rabbit meat instead of veal. pork. hamburger. or sausage? | Yes | 61.10 | 73.10 | 0.340 | 77.30 | 57.70 | 0.084 | 79.40 | 61.10 | 0.095 | 50.00 | 71.70 | 72.20 | 0.535 |
14. How many times per week do you consume vegetables. pasta. rice. or other dishes seasoned with sofrito (sauce made with tomato and onion. leek. or garlic and simmered with olive oil)? | ≥2 | 83.30 | 86.50 | 0.738 | 81.80 | 92.30 | 0.226 | 88.20 | 88.30 | 0.558 | 100.00 | 82.60 | 88.90 | 0.470 |
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Lopes, S.; Fontes, T.; Menezes, R.; Rodrigues, L.M.; Ferreira-Pêgo, C. Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Its Relationship to Metabolic Markers and Body Composition in Portuguese University Students. Nutrients 2023, 15, 2330. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102330
Lopes S, Fontes T, Menezes R, Rodrigues LM, Ferreira-Pêgo C. Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Its Relationship to Metabolic Markers and Body Composition in Portuguese University Students. Nutrients. 2023; 15(10):2330. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102330
Chicago/Turabian StyleLopes, Sofia, Tatiana Fontes, Regina Menezes, Luís Monteiro Rodrigues, and Cíntia Ferreira-Pêgo. 2023. "Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Its Relationship to Metabolic Markers and Body Composition in Portuguese University Students" Nutrients 15, no. 10: 2330. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102330