ACE-Vitamin Index and Risk of Glaucoma: The SUN Project
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Assessment of ACE-Vitamin Index
2.3. Outcome Assessment: Glaucoma Incidence
2.4. Assessment of Other Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vitamins | Included Foods |
---|---|
Vitamin A | Whole milk, condensed milk, cream, milkshakes, yogurt, petit suisse, curds, portioned or cream cheese, cured or semi-cured cheese, fresh cheese, custard, eggs, liver, pate, white fish, blue fish, cod, salted and/or smoked fish, mussels, oysters, prawns, shrimps, squids, octopus, chard, cabbage, lettuce, tomato, carrot, beans, eggplant, orange, banana, apple, strawberries, peach, cherries, figs, watermelon, melon, fruits in syrup, dried fruits, dried fruits, olives, avocado, kiwi, lentils, chickpeas, peas, pizza, butter, margarine, donuts, industrial pastries, homemade pastries, cakes, pastries, natural juices, bottled juices, croquettes, mayonnaise, tomato sauce and jam. |
Vitamin C | Whole milk, semi-skimmed or skimmed milk, custard, milkshakes, yogurt, chicken with skin or without skin, liver, viscera, chard, cabbage, lettuce, tomato, carrot, beans, eggplant, peppers, asparagus, green vegetables, French fries, baked potatoes, orange, banana, apple, strawberries, peaches, cherries, figs, watermelon, melon, grapes, fruits in syrup, fruits in juice, avocado, mango, kiwi, lentils, chickpeas, peas, cereals, pizza, donuts, natural orange juice, other natural juices, croquettes, tomato sauce and jam. |
Vitamin E | Whole milk, semi-skimmed milk, condensed milk, whipped custard, yogurt, curd, cheese in portions or cream cheese, cured or semi-cured cheese, fresh cheese, eggs, chicken with or without skin, veal, pork, lamb, rabbit, liver, other offal, cured ham, sausages, sausages, blood sausage, hamburger, bacon, blue fish, cod, salted or smoked fish, mussels, oysters, prawns, shrimps, squids, chard, beans, eggplants, peppers, French fries, baked potatoes, bananas, nuts, dried fruits, avocado, lentils, chickpeas, beans, peas, black bread, rice, pizza, butter, margarine, olive oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, cookies, muffins, donuts, churros, chocolate, chocolates, chocolates, nougat, marzipan, crop nuts, soups and creams, tomato sauce and mayonnaise. |
Participants’ Baseline Characteristics | Low Vitamin Consumption | High Vitamin Consumption |
---|---|---|
ACE-Vitamin Index | 0–1 point | 2–3 points |
n | 9343 | 9326 |
Age, years | 38.1 (12.2) | 38.6 (12.4) |
Sex. men, % | 46.79 | 33.14 |
Educational level, % | ||
College | 21.73 | 25.86 |
Postgraduate | 50.30 | 46.96 |
Master | 8.20 | 7.91 |
Doctorate | 10.53 | 9.76 |
Missing or no college | 9.24 | 9.51 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.8 (3.6) | 23.3 (3.5) |
Physical activity, METS-h/week | 19.4 (20.3) | 24.1 (25.0) |
Total energy intake, Kcal/day | 2119.5 (582.5) | 2568.1 (568.4) |
Omega 3:6 ratio | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.1) |
Hypertension, % | 11.07 | 10.46 |
Cancer, % | 2.30 | 2.81 |
Type 2 diabetes, % | 1.56 | 2.34 |
Smoking, packages/year | 6.01(10.9) | 4.8 (9.1) |
Alcohol intake, mg/day | 7.1 (11.2) | 6.2 (9.1) |
Caffeine intake, mg/day | 42.5 (40.4) | 42.3 (39.0) |
Special diet, % | 6.75 | 10.07 |
Low Vitamin Consumption | High Vitamin Consumption | |
---|---|---|
ACE-Vitamin Index | 0–1 point | 2–3 points |
Persons/year | 97,252 | 95,148 |
New glaucoma cases, n | 120 | 146 |
Crude hazard ratio HR (95% CI) | 1 (ref.) | 0.91 (0.71–1.18) |
Sex- and age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1 (ref.) | 0.87 (0.67–0.76) |
Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) * | 1 (ref.) | 0.73 (0.55–0.98) |
Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) ** | 1 (ref.) | 0.72 (0.52–0.99) |
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Moreno-Montañés, J.; Gándara, E.; Moreno-Galarraga, L.; Hershey, M.S.; López-Gil, J.F.; Kales, S.; Bes-Rastrollo, M.; Martínez-González, M.Á.; Fernandez-Montero, A. ACE-Vitamin Index and Risk of Glaucoma: The SUN Project. Nutrients 2022, 14, 5129. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235129
Moreno-Montañés J, Gándara E, Moreno-Galarraga L, Hershey MS, López-Gil JF, Kales S, Bes-Rastrollo M, Martínez-González MÁ, Fernandez-Montero A. ACE-Vitamin Index and Risk of Glaucoma: The SUN Project. Nutrients. 2022; 14(23):5129. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235129
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoreno-Montañés, Javier, Elsa Gándara, Laura Moreno-Galarraga, Maria S. Hershey, José Francisco López-Gil, Stefanos Kales, Maira Bes-Rastrollo, Miguel Ángel Martínez-González, and Alejandro Fernandez-Montero. 2022. "ACE-Vitamin Index and Risk of Glaucoma: The SUN Project" Nutrients 14, no. 23: 5129. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235129