Dietary Intake and the Neighbourhood Environment in the BC Generations Project
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sample
2.2. Dietary Intake
2.3. Built and Social Neighbourhood Environment
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | <5 Servings Fruit & Vegetables/Day N = 11,951 (41.9%) | ≥5 Servings Fruit & Vegetables/Day N = 16,597 (58.1%) |
---|---|---|
Age, N (%) | ||
35–44 years | 1611 (13.6) | 2158 (13.1) |
45–54 years | 3270 (27.6) | 4386 (26.7) |
55–64 years | 4677 (39.5) | 6778 (41.3) |
≥65 years | 2275 (19.2) | 3108 (18.9) |
Sex, N (%) | ||
Male | 5044 (42.8) | 3724 (22.8) |
Female | 6741 (57.2) | 12,647 (77.3) |
Marital status, N (%) | ||
Living with a partner | 8775 (74.5) | 12,500 (76.4) |
Living without a partner | 2954 (25.1) | 3798 (23.2) |
Missing | 56 (0.48) | 73 (0.45) |
Ethnicity, N (%) | ||
White | 9937 (86.9) | 14,627 (91.9) |
Non-white | 1496 (13.1) | 1285 (8.08) |
Income, N (%) | ||
$0–24,999 | 802 (6.81) | 725 (4.43) |
$25,000–49,999 | 1960 (16.6) | 2442 (14.9) |
$50,000–74,999 | 2474 (21.0) | 3209 (19.6) |
$75,000–149,999 | 4242 (36.0) | 6401 (39.1) |
>$150,000 | 1626 (13.8) | 2612 (16.0) |
Missing | 681 (5.78) | 982 (6.00) |
Education, N (%) | ||
≤High school | 2688 (22.8) | 2719 (16.6) |
College | 4747 (40.3) | 5934 (36.3) |
≥Bachelor’s degree | 4280 (36.3) | 7640 (46.7) |
Missing | 70 (0.59) | 78 (0.48) |
Smoking status, N (%) | ||
Never | 5890 (50.9) | 9049 (56.0) |
Former | 4837 (41.8) | 6663 (41.2) |
Current | 720 (6.22) | 323 (2.00) |
Missing | 126 (1.09) | 133 (0.82) |
Alcohol consumption, N (%) | ||
Never/Former | 1244 (10.6) | 1543 (9.43) |
Occasional | 7120 (60.4) | 10,289 (62.9) |
Regular | 3367 (28.6) | 4495 (27.5) |
Missing | 54 (0.46) | 44 (0.27) |
Physical activity, N (%) | ||
Low | 2339 (19.9) | 1774 (10.8) |
Moderate | 3959 (33.6) | 4970 (30.4) |
High | 4796 (40.7) | 8699 (53.1) |
Missing | 691 (5.86) | 928 (5.67) |
BMI,Mean (SD) | ||
<25.0 kg/m2 | 3987 (33.8) | 7152 (43.7) |
25.0–29.9 kg/m2 | 3828 (32.5) | 4854 (29.7) |
≥30.0 kg/m2 | 2246 (19.1) | 2531 (15.5) |
Missing | 1724 (14.6) | 1834 (11.2) |
Urbanicity, N (%) | ||
Urban | 8417 (71.6) | 11,658 (71.4) |
Rural | 3333 (28.4) | 4661 (28.6) |
OR (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | |
Walkability (Can-ALE) | ||
Very low | Ref. | Ref. |
Low | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) |
Moderate | 0.98 (0.90–1.06) | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) |
High | 1.06 (0.96–1.18) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) |
Very high | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) |
Marginalization (CAN-Marg) | ||
Households and dwellings | ||
Very low | Ref. | Ref. |
Low | 0.97 (0.88–1.06) | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) |
Moderate | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 0.99 (0.90–1.08) |
High | 0.98 (0.89–1.07) | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) |
Very high | 0.91 (0.82–1.00) | 0.94 (0.85–1.04) |
Material resources | ||
Very low | Ref. | Ref. |
Low | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) | 0.94 (0.87–1.03) |
Moderate | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) |
High | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | 0.98 (0.89–1.07) |
Very high | 0.96 (0.87–1.05) | 0.96 (0.87–1.05) |
Age and labour force | ||
Very low | Ref. | Ref. |
Low | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) | 0.97 (0.90–1.03) |
Moderate | 0.87 (0.81–0.94) | 0.92 (0.85–0.99) |
High | 0.81 (0.74–0.88) | 0.85 (0.78–0.93) |
Very high | 0.83 (0.73–0.94) | 0.87 (0.76–0.99) |
Immigration and visible minority | ||
Very low | Ref. | Ref. |
Low | 1.07 (0.96–1.12) | 1.05 (0.94–1.19) |
Moderate | 1.15 (1.04–1.28) | 1.16 (1.04–1.30) |
High | 1.06 (0.95–1.17) | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) |
Very high | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) |
Material Deprivation | ||
Very low | Ref. | Ref. |
Low | 0.91 (0.85–0.97) | 0.94 (0.87–1.01) |
Moderate | 0.86 (0.80–0.93) | 0.90 (0.83–0.97) |
High | 0.83 (0.76–0.90) | 0.87 (0.80–0.95) |
Very high | 0.71 (0.64–0.79) | 0.77 (0.70–0.86) |
Social Deprivation | ||
Very low | Ref. | Ref. |
Low | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) |
Moderate | 0.94 (0.86–1.01) | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) |
High | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) |
Very high | 0.84 (0.77–0.92) | 0.90 (0.82–0.99) |
Greenness | ||
Very low | Ref. | Ref. |
Low | 0.98 (0.91–1.07) | 0.97 (0.88–1.05) |
Moderate | 0.96 (0.88–1.03) | 0.93 (0.86–1.01) |
High | 1.13 (1.04–1.23) | 1.10 (1.01–1.20) |
Very high | 1.14 (1.05–1.24) | 1.11 (1.01–1.21) |
OR (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|
Rural | Urban | |
Marginalization (CAN-Marg) | ||
Households and dwellings | ||
Very low | Ref. | Ref. |
Low | 0.75 (0.62–0.90) | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) |
Moderate | 0.81 (0.68–0.98) | 1.05 (0.94–1.18) |
High | 0.81 (0.67–0.97) | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) |
Very high | 0.80 (0.64–1.00) | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) |
Material Deprivation | ||
Very low | Ref. | Ref. |
Low | 1.09 (0.92–1.30) | 0.91 (0.83–0.98) |
Moderate | 1.04 (0.88–1.24) | 0.86 (0.78–0.95) |
High | 1.00 (0.83–1.20) | 0.85 (0.77–0.95) |
Very high | 0.95 (0.78–1.16) | 0.72 (0.63–0.82) |
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Murphy, R.A.; Kuczynski, G.; Bhatti, P.; Dummer, T.J.B. Dietary Intake and the Neighbourhood Environment in the BC Generations Project. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4882. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224882
Murphy RA, Kuczynski G, Bhatti P, Dummer TJB. Dietary Intake and the Neighbourhood Environment in the BC Generations Project. Nutrients. 2022; 14(22):4882. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224882
Chicago/Turabian StyleMurphy, Rachel A., Gabriela Kuczynski, Parveen Bhatti, and Trevor J. B. Dummer. 2022. "Dietary Intake and the Neighbourhood Environment in the BC Generations Project" Nutrients 14, no. 22: 4882. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224882