Association of Exclusive Breastfeeding with Asthma Risk among Preschool Children: An Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data, 1999 to 2014
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Breastmilk Exposure Assessment
2.2. Asthma Outcome Assessment
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Interpretation of the Subgroup Analysis by Age
4.2. Mechanisms Driving the Protective Effect of BMF against Asthma
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total | Ever Asthma | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 6000 | Yes (n = 833) | No (n = 5167) | |||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Age: | 3–4 y | 3110 | 51.8 | 391 | 46.9 | 2719 | 52.6 |
5–6 y | 2890 | 48.2 | 442 | 53.1 | 2448 | 47.4 | |
Sex: male | 3060 | 51 | 502 | 60.3 | 2558 | 49.5 | |
female | 2940 | 49 | 331 | 39.7 | 2609 | 50.5 | |
Race: Mexican-American | 1581 | 26.3 | 135 | 16.2 | 1446 | 28 | |
Other-Hispanic | 497 | 8.3 | 85 | 10.2 | 412 | 8 | |
Non-Hispanic White | 1772 | 29.5 | 204 | 24.5 | 1568 | 30.3 | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1600 | 26.7 | 322 | 38.7 | 1278 | 24.7 | |
Other/Multiracial | 550 | 9.2 | 87 | 10.4 | 463 | 9 | |
Poverty-to-income ratio: | <1.85 | 3710 | 61.8 | 537 | 64.5 | 3173 | 61.4 |
≥1.85 | 2290 | 38.2 | 296 | 35.5 | 1994 | 38.6 | |
Maternal smoking: yes | 768 | 12.8 | 134 | 16.1 | 634 | 12.3 | |
no | 5232 | 87.2 | 699 | 83.9 | 4533 | 87.7 | |
Insurance coverage: yes | 5389 | 89.8 | 778 | 93.4 | 4611 | 89.2 | |
no | 611 | 10.2 | 55 | 6.6 | 556 | 10.8 | |
Low birth rate: yes | 590 | 9.8 | 124 | 14.9 | 466 | 9 | |
no | 5410 | 90.2 | 709 | 85.1 | 4701 | 91 | |
Maternal age: ≥35 y | 1291 | 21.5 | 180 | 21.6 | 1111 | 21.5 | |
<35 y | 4709 | 78.5 | 653 | 78.4 | 4056 | 78.5 | |
Household smoking: | 949 | 15.8 | 152 | 18.2 | 797 | 15.4 | |
Survey Cycle | 1999–2000 | 593 | 9.9 | 96 | 11.5 | 497 | 9.6 |
2001–2002 | 745 | 12.4 | 96 | 11.5 | 649 | 12.6 | |
2003–2004 | 716 | 11.9 | 100 | 12 | 616 | 11.9 | |
2005–2006 | 831 | 13.9 | 114 | 13.7 | 717 | 13.9 | |
2007–2008 | 720 | 12 | 103 | 12.4 | 617 | 11.9 | |
2009–2010 | 751 | 12.5 | 101 | 12.1 | 650 | 12.6 | |
2011–2012 | 818 | 13.6 | 117 | 14.1 | 701 | 13.6 | |
2013–2014 | 826 | 13.8 | 106 | 12.7 | 720 | 13.9 |
Duration | Total | Asthma | Prevalence | Crude OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR * | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Never | 2140 | 358 | 16.73 | 1 | Ref. | 1 | Ref. |
0–2 m | 1692 | 215 | 12.71 | 0.69 | 0.55–0.86 | 0.82 | 0.65–1.04 |
2–4 m | 715 | 97 | 13.57 | 0.78 | 0.56–1.09 | 0.93 | 0.64–1.34 |
4–6 m | 649 | 66 | 10.17 | 0.52 | 0.37–0.73 | 0.69 | 0.48–0.98 |
≥6 m | 804 | 97 | 12.06 | 0.74 | 0.51–1.07 | 0.9 | 0.62–1.3 |
3–4 y | 5–6 y | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duration | N | Asthma | Prevalence | aOR * | 95% CI | N | Asthma | Prevalence | aOR * | 95% CI |
Never | 1075 | 188 | 17.49 | 1 | Ref. | 1065 | 170 | 15.96 | 1 | Ref. |
0–2 m | 934 | 100 | 10.71 | 0.54 | 0.37–0.79 | 758 | 115 | 15.17 | 1.16 | 0.85–1.59 |
2–4 m | 356 | 33 | 9.27 | 0.54 | 0.3–0.96 | 359 | 64 | 17.83 | 1.41 | 0.92–2.16 |
4–6 m | 347 | 24 | 6.92 | 0.47 | 0.27–0.8 | 302 | 42 | 13.91 | 0.94 | 0.55–1.62 |
≥6 m | 398 | 46 | 11.56 | 0.82 | 0.49–1.36 | 406 | 51 | 12.56 | 0.94 | 0.58–1.54 |
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Chen, C.-N.; Lin, Y.-C.; Ho, S.-R.; Fu, C.-M.; Chou, A.-K.; Yang, Y.-H. Association of Exclusive Breastfeeding with Asthma Risk among Preschool Children: An Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data, 1999 to 2014. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4250. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204250
Chen C-N, Lin Y-C, Ho S-R, Fu C-M, Chou A-K, Yang Y-H. Association of Exclusive Breastfeeding with Asthma Risk among Preschool Children: An Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data, 1999 to 2014. Nutrients. 2022; 14(20):4250. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204250
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Chi-Nien, Yu-Chen Lin, Shau-Ru Ho, Chun-Min Fu, An-Kuo Chou, and Yao-Hsu Yang. 2022. "Association of Exclusive Breastfeeding with Asthma Risk among Preschool Children: An Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data, 1999 to 2014" Nutrients 14, no. 20: 4250. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204250