Diet Quality of Adolescents and Adults Who Completed the Australian Healthy Eating Quiz: An Analysis of Data over Six Years (2016–2022)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Materials
Healthy Eating Quiz
2.3. Demographics
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Description of the Study Sample
3.2. Comparison of Healthy Eating Quiz Scores by Demographic Characteristics
3.3. Comparison of Healthy Eating Quiz Scores for Repeat Completers (n = 7087)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Characteristic | Total (n = 176,075) | Version 3 (n = 82,332) | Version 4 (n = 93,743) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Female | 124,028 (70.4) | 58,590 (71.2) | 65,438 (69.8) |
Male | 51,300 (29.1) | 23,742 (28.8) | 27,558 (29.4) |
Another gender identity | 747 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 747 (0.8) |
Age groups | |||
16–17 years | 19,491 (11.1) | 11,719 (14.2) | 7772 (8.3) |
18–24 years | 48,770 (27.7) | 23,941 (29.1) | 24,829 (26.5) |
25–34 years | 42,112 (23.9) | 19,158 (23.3) | 22,954 (24.5) |
35–44 years | 23,575 (13.4) | 9688 (11.8) | 13,887 (14.8) |
45–54 years | 18,593 (10.6) | 7768 (9.4) | 10,825 (11.6) |
55–64 years | 14,545 (8.3) | 6179 (7.5) | 8366 (8.9) |
65–74 years | 7277 (4.1) | 3081 (3.7) | 4196 (4.5) |
≥75 years | 1712 (1.0) | 798 (1.0) | 914 (1.0) |
Vegetarian | 22,360 (12.7) | 9495 (11.5) | 12,865 (13.7) |
Number of people main meals are shared with a | |||
Only themself | 55,502 (32.2) | 26,868 (33.4) | 28,634 (31.0) |
With 1 other person | 61,172 (35.4) | 27,780 (34.6) | 33,392 (36.2) |
With 2 or more other people | 55,925 (32.4) | 25,701 (32.0) | 30,224 (32.8) |
Country of residence b | |||
Australia | 95,407 (62.8) | 30,478 (52.4) | 64,929 (69.3) |
Other | 56,484 (37.2) | 27,670 (47.6) | 28,814 (30.7) |
Index of relative socio-economic advantage and disadvantage (decile) c | |||
1–3 (most disadvantaged) | 10,569 (14.0) | 2857 (14.0) | 7712 (14.0) |
4–7 | 27,918 (36.9) | 7416 (36.3) | 20,502 (37.2) |
8–10 (most advantaged) | 37,125 (49.1) | 10,146 (49.7) | 26,979 (48.9) |
Demographic Characteristic | Total Score/73 | Vegetable/21 | Fruit/12 | Meat/Flesh/7 | Plant-Based Protein/6 | Grains/13 | Dairy/11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 33.9 ± 9.4 | 12.3 ± 4.3 | 5.2 ± 2.8 | 2.8 ± 1.7 | 3.0 ± 2.0 | 5.6 ± 2.3 | 3.4 ± 2.0 |
Gender | |||||||
Female | 34.5 ± 9.1 | 12.5 ± 4.1 | 5.3 ± 2.7 | 2.7 ± 1.7 | 3.1 ± 2.1 | 5.7 ± 2.3 | 3.4 ± 2.0 |
Male | 32.6 ± 9.9 | 11.3 ± 4.5 | 4.7 ± 2.9 | 3.0 ± 1.7 | 2.8 ± 1.8 | 5.5 ± 2.3 | 3.5 ± 2.0 |
Another gender identity | 31.5 ± 12.0 | 10.7 ± 4.9 | 4.8 ± 3.1 | 2.0 ± 1.8 | 3.8 ± 3.0 | 5.7 ± 2.7 | 3.0 ± 2.1 |
Age groups | |||||||
16–17 years | 34.1 ± 10.0 | 11.1 ± 4.5 | 6.0 ± 2.9 | 2.8 ± 1.7 | 2.6 ± 1.8 | 6.0 ± 2.3 | 3.7 ± 2.1 |
18–24 years | 32.4 ± 9.6 | 11.0 ± 4.4 | 5.0 ± 2.8 | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 2.9 ± 2.1 | 5.7 ± 2.3 | 3.3 ± 2.1 |
25–34 years | 33.3 ± 9.6 | 12.1 ± 4.1 | 4.7 ± 2.6 | 2.7 ± 1.7 | 3.1 ± 2.1 | 5.7 ± 2.3 | 3.2 ± 2.0 |
35–44 years | 34.7 ± 9.2 | 12.9 ± 4.0 | 5.0 ± 2.7 | 2.9 ± 1.7 | 3.1 ± 2.0 | 5.7 ± 2.4 | 3.3 ± 2.0 |
45–54 years | 34.9 ± 9.1 | 13.2 ± 4.0 | 5.2 ± 2.8 | 3.1 ± 1.7 | 3.1 ± 1.9 | 5.3 ± 2.4 | 3.4 ± 1.9 |
55–64 years | 35.9 ± 8.9 | 13.7 ± 3.8 | 5.5 ± 2.7 | 3.2 ± 1.7 | 3.1 ± 1.8 | 5.2 ± 2.3 | 3.6 ± 2.0 |
65–74 years | 37.0 ± 8.5 | 13.9 ± 3.7 | 6.0 ± 2.6 | 3.4 ± 1.7 | 3.2 ± 1.8 | 5.2 ± 2.1 | 4.0 ± 1.9 |
≥75 years | 37.5 ± 9.8 | 13.5 ± 4.2 | 6.3 ± 2.7 | 3.6 ± 1.6 | 3.0 ± 1.7 | 5.4 ± 2.3 | 4.3 ± 1.9 |
Vegetarian | 37.3 ± 9.3 | 13.2 ± 4.0 | 5.6 ± 2.7 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 6.1 ± 3.2 | 6.2 ± 2.3 | 2.7 ± 2.1 |
Non-vegetarian | 33.4 ± 9.3 | 12.0 ± 4.3 | 5.1 ± 2.8 | 3.2 ± 1.5 | 2.6 ± 1.3 | 5.5 ± 2.3 | 3.5 ± 2.0 |
Number of people main meals are shared with a | |||||||
Only themself | 30.9 ± 9.6 | 10.6 ± 4.5 | 4.8 ± 2.8 | 2.3 ± 1.7 | 3.0 ± 2.1 | 5.2 ± 2.3 | 3.2 ± 2.1 |
With 1 other person | 34.8 ± 8.8 | 12.8 ± 4.0 | 5.1 ± 2.7 | 2.9 ± 1.7 | 3.1 ± 2.1 | 5.7 ± 2.3 | 3.4 ± 2.0 |
With 2 or more other people | 35.9 ± 9.0 | 13.0 ± 4.0 | 5.6 ± 2.8 | 3.1 ± 1.6 | 2.9 ± 1.9 | 6.0 ± 2.3 | 3.6 ± 2.0 |
Country of residence b | |||||||
Australia | 35.1 ± 9.0 | 13.1 ± 3.9 | 5.2 ± 2.7 | 2.9 ± 1.7 | 3.0 ± 2.2 | 5.8 ± 2.3 | 3.4 ± 1.9 |
Other | 32.4 ± 9.6 | 11.0 ± 4.4 | 5.1 ± 2.8 | 2.6 ± 1.7 | 3.0 ± 1.9 | 5.5 ± 2.4 | 3.5 ± 2.1 |
Index of relative socio-economic advantage and disadvantage (decile) c | |||||||
1–3 (most disadvantaged) | 34.1 ± 9.5 | 12.8 ± 4.2 | 5.0 ± 2.9 | 2.9 ± 1.6 | 2.8 ± 2.1 | 5.5 ± 2.3 | 3.4 ± 1.9 |
4–7 | 34.9 ± 9.1 | 13.1 ± 4.0 | 5.1 ± 2.8 | 2.9 ± 1.7 | 2.9 ± 2.2 | 5.7 ± 2.3 | 3.4 ± 1.9 |
8–10 (most advantaged) | 35.8 ± 8.7 | 13.3 ± 3.8 | 5.2 ± 2.7 | 2.9 ± 1.7 | 3.3 ± 2.2 | 5.9 ± 2.3 | 3.4 ± 1.9 |
Demographic Characteristic | Healthy Eating Quiz Total Score a | |
---|---|---|
β-Coefficient | Standard Error | |
Gender | ||
Reference category = Female | ||
Male | −1.89 * | 0.05 |
Another gender identity | −2.98 * | 0.34 |
Age groups | ||
Reference category = 16–17 years | ||
18–24 years | −1.70 * | 0.08 |
25–34 years | −0.81 * | 0.08 |
35–44 years | 0.61 * | 0.09 |
45–54 years | 0.87 * | 0.10 |
55–64 years | 1.83 * | 0.10 |
65–74 years | 2.91 * | 0.13 |
≥75 years | 3.43 * | 0.24 |
Vegetarian | ||
Reference category = Non-vegetarian | ||
Vegetarian | 3.89 * | 0.07 |
Number of people main meals are shared with b | ||
Reference category = Only themself | ||
With 1 other person | 3.90 * | 0.05 |
With 2 or more other people | 5.00 * | 0.06 |
Country of residence c | ||
Reference category = Other | ||
Australia | 3.66 * | 0.05 |
Index of relative socio-economic advantage and disadvantage (decile) d | ||
Reference category = 1–3 (most disadvantaged) | ||
4–7 | 0.77 * | 0.10 |
8–10 (most advantaged) | 1.72 * | 0.10 |
Total Score | Vegetable | Fruit | Meat/Flesh | Plant-Based Protein | Grains | Dairy | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First completion | 35.3 ± 8.9 | 13.1 ± 4.0 | 5.2 ± 2.6 | 2.8 ± 1.7 | 3.5 ± 2.5 | 5.7 ± 2.2 | 3.5 ± 2.0 |
Repeat completion | 37.7 ± 9.2 | 13.8 ± 3.9 | 5.6 ± 2.7 | 2.9 ± 1.8 | 3.8 ± 2.6 | 6.1 ± 2.2 | 3.7 ± 2.0 |
Change in score | 2.3 ± 6.9 | 0.8 ± 3.1 | 0.4 ± 2.2 | 0.2 ± 1.5 | 0.3 ± 1.8 | 0.3 ± 2.0 | 0.2 ± 1.7 |
Healthy Eating Quiz Category | Change in Healthy Eating Quiz Total Score | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted Model | Adjusted Model a | |||||
Β-Coefficient | Standard Error | p | Β-Coefficient | Standard Error | p | |
Reference category = ≥47 | ||||||
39–46 | 2.14 | 0.29 | <0.001 | 2.16 | 0.29 | <0.001 |
33–38 | 4.53 | 0.29 | <0.001 | 4.60 | 0.29 | <0.001 |
<33 | 6.88 | 0.28 | <0.001 | 7.04 | 0.29 | <0.001 |
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Whatnall, M.; Clarke, E.D.; Adam, M.T.P.; Ashton, L.M.; Burrows, T.; Hutchesson, M.; Collins, C.E. Diet Quality of Adolescents and Adults Who Completed the Australian Healthy Eating Quiz: An Analysis of Data over Six Years (2016–2022). Nutrients 2022, 14, 4072. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194072
Whatnall M, Clarke ED, Adam MTP, Ashton LM, Burrows T, Hutchesson M, Collins CE. Diet Quality of Adolescents and Adults Who Completed the Australian Healthy Eating Quiz: An Analysis of Data over Six Years (2016–2022). Nutrients. 2022; 14(19):4072. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194072
Chicago/Turabian StyleWhatnall, Megan, Erin D. Clarke, Marc T. P. Adam, Lee M. Ashton, Tracy Burrows, Melinda Hutchesson, and Clare E. Collins. 2022. "Diet Quality of Adolescents and Adults Who Completed the Australian Healthy Eating Quiz: An Analysis of Data over Six Years (2016–2022)" Nutrients 14, no. 19: 4072. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194072
APA StyleWhatnall, M., Clarke, E. D., Adam, M. T. P., Ashton, L. M., Burrows, T., Hutchesson, M., & Collins, C. E. (2022). Diet Quality of Adolescents and Adults Who Completed the Australian Healthy Eating Quiz: An Analysis of Data over Six Years (2016–2022). Nutrients, 14(19), 4072. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194072