Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) and Indoxyl Sulfate Concentrations in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. AUD Patients and Healthy Controls
2.2. Alcohol Screening Tool and Assessment of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS)
2.3. Neuropsychological Examination
2.4. Biological Analyzes
2.5. TMAO and IS Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Serum TMAO Concentrations in AUD Patients and HC
3.2. Serum IS Concentrations in AUD Patients and HC
3.3. Evolution of Serum TMAO and IS Concentrations in AUD Patients during the Acute Alcohol Withdrawal Phase
3.4. Correlations of Serum TMAO or IS Concentrations with Biological and Clinical Markers in AUD Patients
3.5. Correlations of Serum TMAO or IS Concentrations in AUD Patients with the Variation of Prealbumin or Albumin Concentrations during the Acute Phase of Alcohol Withdrawal
3.6. Predictors of TMAO and IS Concentrations in AUD Patients
3.7. Predictors of Clinical, Biological and Neuropsychological Parameters in AUD Patients
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations of This Study
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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AUD Patients (n = 30) | Healthy Controls (n = 15) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Demographic and Clinical variables | |||
Age (year) | 47.5 ± 10.1 | 46.2 ± 5.1 | NS |
Sexe (M/F) | 24/6 | 12/3 | NS |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 24.1 ± 4.3 | 24.3 ± 4.3 | NS |
AUDIT | 28.6 ± 7.8 | 2.6 ± 1.4 | p < 0.05 |
Cushman’s score | 4.9 ± 2.2 | NA | ND |
Benzodiazepin prescription (days) | 6.7 ± 5.3 | NA | ND |
MoCA score (/30) | 24.5 ± 5.0 | 27.4 ± 1.4 | p < 0.05 |
BEARNI score (/30) | 13.5 ± 6.1 | 19.1 ± 2.9 | p < 0.05 |
Length of hospital stay (days) | 20.2 ± 5.6 | NA | ND |
Biological measures | |||
Glycemia (mmol/L) | 5.3 ± 0.9 | 5.3 ± 0.6 | NS |
Glycated haemoglobin (%) | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | NS |
Total serum protein (g/L) | 66.4 ± 6.9 | 70.3 ± 3.5 | p = 0.05 |
Albumin (g/L) | 37.2 ± 4.7 | 43.2 ± 2.8 | p < 0.05 |
Prealbumin (g/L) | 0.27 ± 0.08 | 0.31 ± 0.04 | p < 0.05 |
γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase (U/L) | 442.2 ± 812.2 | 16.9 ± 10.5 | p < 0.05 |
Ammonium (µmol/L) | 42.8 ± 23.3 | 28.1 ± 7.2 | p < 0.05 |
ASAT (U/L) | 69.3 ± 60.3 | 19.6 ± 7.8 | p < 0.05 |
ALAT (U/L) | 50.3 ± 71,7 | 21.1 ± 12.5 | p < 0.05 |
ASAT/ALAT ratio | 2.2 ± 2.5 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | p < 0.05 |
Bilirubin (µmol/L) | 25.1 ± 17.4 | 17.9 ± 10.5 | p < 0.05 |
α2 macroglobulin (g/L) | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | p < 0.05 |
Hyaluronic acid (µg/L) | 121.4 ± 320.7 | 15.2 ± 5.5 | p < 0.05 |
Score of fibrosis HEPASCORE | 0.46 ± 0.31 | 0.22 ± 0.13 | p < 0.05 |
Serum creatinine (µmol/L) | 61.9 ± 12.7 | 78.7 ± 12.8 | p < 0.05 |
Urea (mmoles/L) | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 4.4 ± 0.8 | p < 0.05 |
Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.1 ± 1.4 | 14.8 ± 0.7 | p < 0.05 |
Mean Cellular Volume (µm3) | 98.0 ± 6.0 | 87.7 ± 4.3 | p < 0.05 |
Platelets (G/L) | 205 ± 82 | 280 ± 61 | p < 0.05 |
Prothrombin time (%) | 96.3 ± 8.4 | 96.9 ± 5.2 | NS |
Trimethylamine N-oxide TMAO (µmol/L) | 12.1 ± 19.2 | 4.6 ± 2.5 | NS |
Indoxyl sulfate IS (µmol/L) | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 1.5 | p < 0.05 |
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Coulbault, L.; Laniepce, A.; Segobin, S.; Boudehent, C.; Cabé, N.; Pitel, A.L. Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) and Indoxyl Sulfate Concentrations in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3964. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193964
Coulbault L, Laniepce A, Segobin S, Boudehent C, Cabé N, Pitel AL. Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) and Indoxyl Sulfate Concentrations in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder. Nutrients. 2022; 14(19):3964. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193964
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoulbault, Laurent, Alice Laniepce, Shailendra Segobin, Céline Boudehent, Nicolas Cabé, and Anne Lise Pitel. 2022. "Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) and Indoxyl Sulfate Concentrations in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder" Nutrients 14, no. 19: 3964. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193964