Inflammation in VTA Caused by HFD Induces Activation of Dopaminergic Neurons Accompanied by Binge-like Eating
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Mice
2.2. Mice with Dopamine Transporter (DAT)-Specific Deletion of IKKβ
2.3. Isolating DNA from Tissues for Detection of Recombination of Floxed Alleles
2.4. Body Composition and Food Intake
2.5. Assessment of Feeding Behaviors under Fast-Refeed Access to HFD or Chow Diet (CD)
2.6. Extraction of Brain Tissues
2.7. Determination of mRNA Levels by qRT-PCR
2.8. Intracerebroventricular Injection of Insulin
2.9. Determination of Protein Levels by Western Blot
2.10. Immunohistochemistry
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Generation of Dopaminergic Neuron-Specific IKKβ Deficient Mice
3.2. IKKβ Signaling in DNs Does Not Affect Energy Balance and Glucose Metabolism
3.3. IKKβ Deficiency in DNs Suppresses Binge Eating of HFD in Female Mice
3.3.1. Binge-like Eating under Inflammatory Conditions in the VTA
3.3.2. IKKβ Deficiency in DNs Suppresses Binge Eating of HFD in Female Mice
3.4. IKKβ Deficiency in the Dopamine Neurons of VTA Suppresses HFD Induced Inflammation in the VTA of Female Mice
3.5. IKKβ Deficiency in the Dopamine Neurons of VTA Altered the Dopamine-Related Gene Expressions in Female Mice
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sun, R.; Sugiyama, M.; Wang, S.; Kuno, M.; Sasaki, T.; Hirose, T.; Miyata, T.; Kobayashi, T.; Tsunekawa, T.; Onoue, T.; et al. Inflammation in VTA Caused by HFD Induces Activation of Dopaminergic Neurons Accompanied by Binge-like Eating. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3835. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183835
Sun R, Sugiyama M, Wang S, Kuno M, Sasaki T, Hirose T, Miyata T, Kobayashi T, Tsunekawa T, Onoue T, et al. Inflammation in VTA Caused by HFD Induces Activation of Dopaminergic Neurons Accompanied by Binge-like Eating. Nutrients. 2022; 14(18):3835. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183835
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Runan, Mariko Sugiyama, Sixian Wang, Mitsuhiro Kuno, Tomoyuki Sasaki, Tomonori Hirose, Takashi Miyata, Tomoko Kobayashi, Taku Tsunekawa, Takeshi Onoue, and et al. 2022. "Inflammation in VTA Caused by HFD Induces Activation of Dopaminergic Neurons Accompanied by Binge-like Eating" Nutrients 14, no. 18: 3835. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183835