Sex-Dependent Effects of the Intake of NOVA Classified Ultra-Processed Foods on Syndrome Metabolic Components in Brazilian Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Exposure Variable
2.3. Outcome Variable
2.4. Birth Variables
2.5. Socioeconomic, Demographic, and Lifestyle Variables at 23–25 Years
2.6. Data Analysis
2.7. Ethical Aspects
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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UPF Consumption (%kcal) | UPF Consumption (%g) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | N (%) | Mean (SD) | p-Value | Mean (SD) | p-Value |
Sex | <0.0001 a | 0.2592 a | |||
Male | 397 (44.3) | 36.2 (10.8) | 35.0 (14.1) | ||
Female | 499 (55.7) | 39.9 (11.1) | 36.1 (15.8) | ||
Skin color | 0.0108 b | 0.3339 b | |||
White | 583 (65.1) | 38.7 (11.1) | 36.0 (15.3) | ||
Black | 47 (5.3) | 39.4 (10.6) | 36.6 (14.2) | ||
Mixed Race | 255 (28.5) | 36.3 (11.8) | 34.7 (15.2) | ||
Asian or Indigenous | 11 (1.2) | 40.9 (8.7) | 41.7 (12.9) | ||
Age (years) | 0.6337 b | 0.8402 b | |||
23 | 273 (30.5) | 37.6 (11.8) | 35.7 (15.9) | ||
24 | 447 (49.9) | 38.3 (11.2) | 35.5 (14.7) | ||
25 | 176 (19.6) | 38.4 (11.0) | 36.2 (15.2) | ||
Education (years of study) | 0.1742 b | 0.1281 b | |||
0 to 8 | 111 (12.4) | 37.5 (12.8) | 37.9 (17.8) | ||
9 to 11 | 461 (51.5) | 37.7 (11.6) | 35.7 (15.2) | ||
≥12 | 324 (36.2) | 39.0 (10.3) | 34.8 (13.9) | ||
Marital status | 0.6555 a | 0.1054 a | |||
With partner | 269 (30.0) | 38.0 (11.6) | 36.9 (15.9) | ||
Without partner | 627 (70.0) | 38.4 (10.9) | 35.1 (14.6) | ||
Family income (minimum wages) * | 0.1687 b | 0.8880 b | |||
<5 | 287 (34.5) | 37.1 (11.2) | 35.3 (15.6) | ||
5 to 9.9 | 285 (34.3) | 38.5 (11.6) | 35.8 (14.7) | ||
≥10 | 259 (31.2) | 38.9 (10.8) | 35.3 (14.6) | ||
Alcohol consumption | 0.0682 a | 0.0139 a | |||
No | 91 (10.2) | 40.3 (12.2) | 39.3 (16.6) | ||
Yes | 805 (89.8) | 38.1 (11.0) | 35.2 (14.8) | ||
Smoking | 0.9006 a | 0.1077 a | |||
No | 763 (85.2) | 38.3 (11.0) | 35.3 (14.8) | ||
Yes | 133 (14.8) | 38.3 (12.0) | 37.6 (16.4) | ||
Physical activity level * | 0.0507 b | 0.0004 b | |||
High | 438 (49.0) | 37.3 (11.3) | 34.2 (14.6) | ||
Moderate | 278 (31.1) | 38.4 (11.3) | 35.9 (15.7) | ||
Low | 178 (19.9) | 39.5 (11.2) | 39.1 (15.1) | ||
Total | 896 (100.0) | 38.3 (11.1) | 35.6 (15.0) |
MetS | ↑ WC | ↑ Triglycerides | ↓ HDL-c | ↑ BP | ↑ Glucose | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | N (%) | p-Value | N (%) | p-Value | N (%) | p-Value | N (%) | p-Value | N (%) | p-Value | N (%) | p-Value |
Sex | <0.0001 a | 0.074 a | <0.0001 a | 0.001 a | <0.0001 a | 0.013 a | ||||||
Male | 179 (45.1) | 205 (66.1) | 171 (41.7) | 84 (28.4) | 122 (39.7) | 136 (30.0) | ||||||
Female | 138 (27.7) | 220 (59.5) | 64 (13.2) | 119 (41.0) | 97 (19.2) | 121 (23.1) | ||||||
Skin color | 0.961 b | 0.003 b | 0.784 b | 0.334 b | 0.517 b | 0.705 b | ||||||
White | 204 (35.0) | 250 (58.3) | 149 (25.9) | 123 (32.6) | 136 (25.5) | 167 (25.9) | ||||||
Black | 18 (38.3) | 26 (76.5) | 13 (28.3) | 9 (29.0) | 12 (28.6) | 16 (33.3) | ||||||
Mixed race | 91 (35.7) | 145 (70.1) | 72 (27.3) | 68 (40.0) | 3 (37.5) | 71 (25.8) | ||||||
Asian or Indigenous | 4 (36.4) | 4 (40.0) | 1 (11.1) | 3 (37.5) | 3 (27.3) | |||||||
Age (years) | 0.845 a | 0.720 a | 0.561 a | 0.106 a | 0.898 a | 0.203 | ||||||
23 | 99 (36.3) | 142 (64.3) | 78 (28.7) | 43 (27.7) | 66 (26.2) | 72 (24.3) | ||||||
24 | 154 (34.5) | 200 (61.0) | 112 (25.1) | 117 (36.8) | 110 (27.7) | 123 (25.5) | ||||||
25 | 64 (36.4) | 83 (63.4) | 45 (25.4) | 43 (38.1) | 43 (26.4) | 62 (31.2) | ||||||
Education (years of study) | 0.002 a | <0.0001 a | 0.084 a | 0.224 a | 0.109 a | 0.037 a | ||||||
0 to 8 | 45 (40.5) | 50 (69.4) | 32 (26.7) | 25 (39.7) | 31 (29.8) | 26 (29.7) | ||||||
9 to 11 | 182 (39.5) | 242 (69.3) | 134 (29.1) | 102 (37.0) | 122 (29.3) | 150 (20.8) | ||||||
≥12 | 90 (27.8) | 133 (51.4) | 69 (22.0) | 76 (30.8) | 66 (22.6) | 81 (26.3) | ||||||
Marital status | 0.559 a | 0.034 a | 0.199 a | 0.790 a | 0.693 a | 0.560 a | ||||||
With partner | 99 (36.8) | 123 (69.1) | 65 (23.5) | 52 (33.8) | 70 (27.9) | 82 (27.5) | ||||||
Without partner | 218 (34.8) | 302 (60.2) | 170 (27.6) | 151 (35.0) | 149 (26.6) | 175 (25.7) | ||||||
Family income (minimum wages) * | 0.007 a | <0.0001 a | 0.458 a | 0.037 a | 0.103 a | 0.055 a | ||||||
<5 | 119 (41.5) | 144 (71.3) | 84 (29.0) | 71 (42.0) | 83 (31.2) | 90 (28.9) | ||||||
5 to 9.9 | 105 (36.8) | 146 (65.8) | 71 (24.4) | 61 (35.5) | 75 (28.4) | 91 (28.7) | ||||||
≥10 | 74 (28.6) | 104 (49.8) | 67 (27.1) | 61 (29.3) | 50 (22.6) | 59 (21.2) | ||||||
Alcohol consumption | 0.852 a | 0.818 a | 0.132 a | 0.033 a | 0.592 a | 0.247 a | ||||||
No | 33 (36.7) | 44 (63.8) | 17 (19.5) | 25 (33.3) | 25 (29.4) | 20 (21.3) | ||||||
Yes | 284 (35.3) | 381 (62.4) | 218 (27.0) | 178 (48.1) | 194 (26.7) | 237 (26.8) | ||||||
Smoking | 0.172 a | 0.737 a | 0.009 a | 0.237 a | 0.277 a | 0.949 a | ||||||
No | 263 (34.7) | 364 (62.8) | 189 (24.7) | 179 (35.6) | 190 (27.7) | 217 (26.2) | ||||||
Yes | 54 (40.6) | 61 (61.0) | 46 (35.7) | 24 (28.9) | 29 (23.0) | 40 (26.5) | ||||||
Physical activity level * | 0.794 a | 0.164 a | 0.202 a | 0.863 a | 0.492 a | 0.222 a | ||||||
High | 159 (36.3) | 211 (61.9) | 123 (28.0) | 105 (35.4) | 98 (26.1) | 128 (26.9) | ||||||
Moderate | 94 (33.8) | 124 (59.1) | 73 (26.7) | 57 (33.0) | 76 (29.6) | 69 (22.9) | ||||||
Low | 63 (35.4) | 88 (69.3) | 38 (21.1) | 40 (35.1) | 44 (24.9) | 59 (29.7) | ||||||
Total | 317/896 (35.4) | 425/675 (63.0) | 235/853 (27.5) | 203/565 (35.9) | 219/774 (28.2) | 257/875 (29.4) |
Outcomes/Exposures/Interactions | Crude RR (95% CI) | Adjusted RR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|
MetS | ||
UPF (%kcal) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) a |
UPF (%g) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) b |
↑ WC | ||
UPF (%kcal) | ||
UPF | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) a |
Sex | 0.61 (0.40–0.93) | 0.57 (0.38–0.85) a |
UPF##Sex | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) a |
UPF (%g) | ||
UPF | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) b |
Sex | 0.60 (0.44–0.81) | 0.57 (0.43–0.77) b |
UPF##Sex | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) b |
↑ Triglycerides | ||
UPF (%kcal) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) a |
UPF (%g) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) b |
↓ HDL-c | ||
UPF (%kcal) | ||
UPF | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) a |
Sex | 0.61 (0.27–1.38) | 0.66 (0.30–1.46) a |
UPF##Sex | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) a |
UPF (%g) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) b |
↑ BP | ||
UPF (%kcal) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) a |
UPF (%g) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) b |
↑ Glucose | ||
UPF (%kcal) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) a |
UPF (%g) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) b |
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Magalhães, E.I.d.S.; de Oliveira, B.R.; Rudakoff, L.C.S.; de Carvalho, V.A.; Viola, P.C.d.A.F.; Arruda, S.P.M.; de Carvalho, C.A.; Coelho, C.C.N.d.S.; Bragança, M.L.B.M.; Bettiol, H.; et al. Sex-Dependent Effects of the Intake of NOVA Classified Ultra-Processed Foods on Syndrome Metabolic Components in Brazilian Adults. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3126. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153126
Magalhães EIdS, de Oliveira BR, Rudakoff LCS, de Carvalho VA, Viola PCdAF, Arruda SPM, de Carvalho CA, Coelho CCNdS, Bragança MLBM, Bettiol H, et al. Sex-Dependent Effects of the Intake of NOVA Classified Ultra-Processed Foods on Syndrome Metabolic Components in Brazilian Adults. Nutrients. 2022; 14(15):3126. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153126
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagalhães, Elma Izze da Silva, Bianca Rodrigues de Oliveira, Lívia Carolina Sobrinho Rudakoff, Vitória Abreu de Carvalho, Poliana Cristina de Almeida Fonseca Viola, Soraia Pinheiro Machado Arruda, Carolina Abreu de Carvalho, Carla Cristine Nascimento da Silva Coelho, Maylla Luanna Barbosa Martins Bragança, Heloisa Bettiol, and et al. 2022. "Sex-Dependent Effects of the Intake of NOVA Classified Ultra-Processed Foods on Syndrome Metabolic Components in Brazilian Adults" Nutrients 14, no. 15: 3126. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153126