Comparison of Pulmonary Function and Inflammation in Children/Adolescents with New-Onset Asthma with Different Adiposity Statuses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Anthropometry
2.4. Clinical Assessment
2.5. Pulmonary Function Tests
2.6. Fractionated Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO)
2.7. Serum-Specific Immunoglobulins E (sIgE) and Serum Total IgE Test
2.8. Adiponectin, Leptin and Cytokine Measurement
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Pulmonary Function Analysis among Different Weight Categories
3.3. Association of BMI with Atopic Characteristics
3.4. Comparison of Nonatopic Inflammation in the Study Groups
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Obesity on Pulmonary Function in Asthmatic Children/Adolescents
4.2. Th2-Cell-Mediated Eosinophilic Inflammation Might Play a Role in Obese Asthma Patients
4.3. Possible Mechanism of Nonatopic Inflammation Related to Leptin and Adiponectin in Obese Asthmatic Patients
4.4. The Role of IL-16 in Inflammation
4.5. Highlights and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Total n = 407 | Normal Weight n = 197 | Overweight n = 92 | Obese n = 118 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||||
Male n (%) | 274 (67.3) | 111 (56.3) | 60 (65.2) | 103 (87.3) | <0.001 |
Female n (%) | 133 (32.75) | 86 (43.7) | 32 (34.8) | 15 (12.7) | |
Age (years) | |||||
Mean | 7.72 | 7.49 | 7.84 | 7.94 | 0.21 |
SD | 2.22 | 2.08 | 2.36 | 2.27 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
Mean | 18.22 | 15.57 | 18.91 | 22.02 | <0.001 |
SD | 3.51 | 1.61 | 1.88 | 2.98 |
Total Mean (SD) | Normal Weight Mean (SD) | Overweight Mean (SD) | Obese Mean (SD) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FVC (%pred) | 101.03 ± 15.82 | 101.62 ± 15.98 | 100.80 ± 12.75 | 100.21 ± 17.71 | 0.74 |
FEV1 (%pred) | 96.36 ± 17.99 | 97.87 ± 18.64 | 96.88 ± 16.95 | 93.41 ± 17.46 | 0.10 |
FEV1/FVC (%) | 80.97 ± 8.76 | 82.08 ± 8.51 a | 81.39 ± 8.95 a | 78.78 ± 8.69 b | 0.005# |
FEV1/FVC (%pred) | 95.00 ± 10.14 | 96.09 ± 9.87 a | 95.62 ± 10.28 a | 92.69 ± 10.20 b | 0.01 |
FEF25–75 (%pred) | 69.13 ± 26.10 | 71.14 ± 26.52 a | 71.28 ± 26.62 a | 64.02 ± 24.45 b | 0.04 |
Total | Normal Weight | Overweight | Obese | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family history of atopy | |||||
No n (%) | 218 (53.6) | 111 (56.3) | 39 (42.4) | 68 (57.6) | 0.05 |
Yes n (%) | 189 (46.4) | 86 (43.7) | 53 (57.6) | 50 (42.4) | |
Other allergic disease | |||||
No n (%) | 38 (9.3) | 22 (11.2) | 4 (4.3) | 12 (10.2) | 0.17 |
Yes n (%) | 369 (90.7) | 175 (88.8) | 88 (95.7) | 106 (89.8) | |
Single allergic disease | 155 (38.1) | 74 (37.6) | 43 (46.7) | 38 (32.2) | |
Multiple allergic diseases * | 214 (52.6) | 101 (51.3) | 45 (48.9) | 68 (57.6) | |
Positive sIgE test | |||||
No n (%) | 96 (23.6) | 53 (26.9) | 14 (15.2) | 29 (24.6) | 0.09 |
Yes n (%) | 311 (76.4) | 144 (73.1) | 78 (84.8) | 89 (75.4) | |
Total IgE (IU/mL) | |||||
Median | 295.00 | 320.00 | 351.50 | 246.00 | 0.09 |
IQR | 135.00–647.00 | 166.50–649.00 | 130.50–724.50 | 97.15–604.75 | |
Eosinophils (×109/L) | |||||
Median | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.33 | 0.98 |
IQR | 0.13–0.64 | 0.09–0.68 | 0.14–0.57 | 0.17–0.60 | |
Eosinophils% ≥ 4% n (%) | 205 (50.4) | 95 (48.2) | 50 (54.3) | 60 (50.8) | 0.62 |
FeNO ≥ 20ppb n (%) | 213 (52.3) | 107 (54.3) | 53 (57.6) | 53 (44.9) | 0.14 |
IL-4 (pg/mL) | |||||
Median | 100.05 | 102.64 | 101.71 | 95.91 | 0.31 |
IQR | 88.95–100.59 | 90.52–110.59 | 87.36–115.60 | 86.66–108.99 |
Total Median (IQR) | Normal Weight Median (IQR) | Overweight Median (IQR) | Obese Median (IQR) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leptin (ng/mL) | 3.18 (1.16–6.54) | 1.05 (0.72–2.70) a | 3.45 (1.57–6.92) b | 6.28 (3.34–13.47) b | 0.002 # |
Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 68.39 (53.00–96.95) | 86.42 (65.40–126.82) a | 60.22 (44.18–85.85) b | 67.57 (53.99–94.68) a,b | 0.04 |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 30.07 (26.45–36.06) | 28.75 (26.84–31.38) | 32.13 (26.69–39.51) | 30.03 (24.56–35.63) | 0.45 |
IFN-γ (pg/mL) | 7.07 (3.98–9.03) | 6.54 (3.76–8.62) a | 7.79 (5.54–9.60) b | 6.81(3.38–9.01) a,b | 0.62 |
IL-16 (pg/mL) | 316.20 (233.67–445.66) | 237.04 (211.00–319.45) | 362.30 (305.64–509.74) | 307.51(225.95–471.53) | 0.03 |
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Ying, X.; Lin, J.; Yuan, S.; Pan, C.; Dong, W.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, L.; Lin, J.; Yin, Y.; Wu, J. Comparison of Pulmonary Function and Inflammation in Children/Adolescents with New-Onset Asthma with Different Adiposity Statuses. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2968. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142968
Ying X, Lin J, Yuan S, Pan C, Dong W, Zhang J, Zhang L, Lin J, Yin Y, Wu J. Comparison of Pulmonary Function and Inflammation in Children/Adolescents with New-Onset Asthma with Different Adiposity Statuses. Nutrients. 2022; 14(14):2968. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142968
Chicago/Turabian StyleYing, Xiaolan, Jie Lin, Shuhua Yuan, Chunhong Pan, Wenfang Dong, Jing Zhang, Lei Zhang, Jilei Lin, Yong Yin, and Jinhong Wu. 2022. "Comparison of Pulmonary Function and Inflammation in Children/Adolescents with New-Onset Asthma with Different Adiposity Statuses" Nutrients 14, no. 14: 2968. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142968