An Ecological Validity Model for the Prevention of Obesity: Non-Nutritive Sweetener Consumption in Rats and the Effects of Switching from Sugar-Sweetened to Diet Beverages
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Sample Size
2.3. Apparatus
2.4. Test Drinks
2.5. General Procedures
2.5.1. Phase 1
2.5.2. Phase 2
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Two-Bottle Preference Tests
3.1.1. Test 1 Pre-Sucrose Exposure (Days 1–2)
3.1.2. Test 2 Post-Sucrose Exposure (Days 34–35)
3.2. Four-Hour Acceptance Testshis
3.2.1. Test 1 Pre-Sucrose Exposure (Days 3–4)
3.2.2. Test 2 Post-Sucrose Exposure (Days 36–37)
3.3. Body Weight and Weight Gain
3.4. Consumption and Energy Intake
3.4.1. Phase 1: Sucrose and Chow Consumption, Energy Intake
3.4.2. Phase 2: NNS Drink and Chow Consumption, Energy Intake
3.5. Fasting Blood Glucose and Plasma Insulin
3.6. Retroperitoneal Fat Pad Mass
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diet Coke™ | Sprite™ | Cottee’s Cordial Raspberry (No Added Sugar)™ | Remedy Kombucha Ginger and Lemon™ | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sweetener(s) * | aspartame acesulfame K | sucrose stevia | cyclamate acesulfame K sucralose | stevia erythritol |
Other ingredients * | water, colour (caramel IV), caffeine, phosphoric acid, citric acid | water, citric acid, sodium citrate, flavour, potassium sorbate | water, citric acid, flavour, sodium carbomethylcellulose, sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulphites, colour (carmoisine) | water, kombucha culture, black tea, green tea, ginger, lemon |
Nutritional information (per 100 mL) | ||||
Energy (kCal) | 0.5 | 36 | 0.25 | 7 |
Energy (kJ) | 1.9 | 151 | 2 | 29 |
Fat (g) | 0 | 0 | 0 | < 0.1 |
Protein (g) | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | < 0.1 |
Carbohydrates (g) | 0.1 | 8.6 | 0 | 1.5 |
including sugars | 0 | 8.6 | 0 | 0 |
Sodium (mg) | 1.0 | 6.7 | 12 | < 5 |
Phase 1 Sucrose Exposure | Control (n = 8) | Diet Coke (n = 8) | Sprite (n = 8) | Cordial (n = 8) | Kombucha (n = 8) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline BW (g) | 142.6 ± 4.4 | 141.9 ± 4.1 | 141.7 ± 4.1 | 142.1.1 ± 3.7 | 142.4 ± 3.6 |
Chow intake (g/rat/day) | 11.4 ± 0.4 | 11.5 ± 0.3 | 11.3 ± 0.4 | 12.8 ± 0.5 | 12.2 ± 0.4 |
Sucrose (mL/rat/day) | 78.6 ± 1.4 | 81.5 ± 1.3 | 89.9 ± 3.0 | 75.6 ± 4.0 | 72.4 ± 2.4 |
Water (mL/rat/day) | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.01 | 0.7 ± 0.01 | 0.7 ± 0.01 |
Total energy intake (kcal/rat/day) | 70.3 ± 1.3 | 70.6 ± 1.1 | 74.6 ± 0.9 | 73.6 ± 1.1 | 70.5 ± 1.2 |
Fasting blood glucose (mM) | 4.7 ± 0.1 | 4.7 ± 0.1 | 4.8 ± 0.1 | 5.0 ± 0.1 | 4.7 ± 0.1 |
Phase 2 NNS exposure | |||||
Chow intake (g/rat/day) | 14.0 ± 0.7 b | 14.7 ± 0.2 | 11.4 ± 0.4 * | 15.3 ± 0.4 | 15.8 ± 0.5 a |
Test drink (mL/rat/day) | N/A | 17.5 ± 1.5 | 50.9 ± 1.6 | 6.8 ± 0.6 | 9.6 ± 0.4 |
Water (mL/rat/day) | 21.4 ± 0.4 | 10.5 ± 0.7 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 18.8 ± 0.6 | 20.3 ± 0.8 |
Total fluid intake (mL/rat/day) | 21.4 ± 0.4 | 28.0 ± 0.9 | 53.5 ± 1.7 | 25.7 ± 0.4 | 30.0 ± 0.9 |
Total energy intake (kcal/rat/day) | 47.3 ± 0.9 | 49.9 ± 0.7 | 56.7 ± 0.7 | 51.3 ± 0.7 | 53.8 ± 0.8 |
Fasting blood glucose (mM) | 4.6 ± 0.1 | 4.8 ± 0.1 | 5.1 ± 0.1 * | 4.7 ± 0.1 | 4.7 ± 0.1 |
Fasting plasma insulin (ng/mL) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Retroperitoneal fat mass (g) | 13.0 ± 0.9 | 17.6 ± 2.2 | 16.0 ± 1.7 | 17.8 ± 2.5 | 18.2 ± 2.3 |
Phase 1 Sucrose Exposure | Control (n = 8) | Diet Coke (n = 8) | Sprite (n = 8) | Cordial (n = 8) | Kombucha (n = 8) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline BW (g) | 247.6 ± 5.9 | 243.9 ± 5.0 | 248.4 ± 3.4 | 248.1 ± 5.2 | 244.6 ± 4.6 |
Chow intake (g/rat/day) | 22.5 ± 0.6 | 22.0 ± 0.5 | 20.6 ± 0.7 | 21.9 ± 0.6 | 21.9 ± 0.5 |
Sucrose (mL/rat/day) | 101.7 ± 4.7 | 85.2 ± 1.5 | 90.1 ± 4.1 | 77.0 ± 1.6 | 119.9 ± 7.4 |
Water (mL/rat/day) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.03 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 |
Total energy intake (kcal/rat/day) | 115.9 ± 1.4 | 108.1 ± 1.8 | 105.2 ± 2.0 | 104.6 ± 2.3 | 122.6 ± 1.9 |
Fasting blood glucose (mM) | 4.8 ± 0.1 | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.2 | 5.2 ± 0.1 |
Fasting plasma insulin (ng/mL) | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 |
Phase 2 NNS exposure | |||||
Chow intake (g/rat/d) | 25.9 ± 0.2 | 24.6 ± 0.2 | 20.9 ± 0.2 * | 24.7 ± 0.3 | 24.8 ± 0.2 |
Test drink (mL/rat/day) | N/A | 26.0 ± 1.8 | 77.5 ± 1.8 | 9.0 ± 0.7 | 12.6 ± 1.2 |
Water (mL/rat/day) | 33.5 ± 0.4 | 13.5 ± 0.7 | 3.6 ± 0.3 | 24.1 ± 0.6 | 31.9 ± 0.6 |
Total fluid intake (mL/rat/day) | 33.5 ± 0.4 | 39.5 ± 1.3 | 81.1 ± 2.0 | 33.1 ± 0.4 | 44.5 ± 1.2 |
Total energy intake (kcal/rat/day) | 88.1 ± 0.8 | 83.7 ± 0.7 | 99.0 ± 1.0 * | 84.0 ± 1.0 | 85.1 ± 0.9 |
Fasting BGL (mM) | 5.5 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.2 |
Fasting plasma insulin (ng/mL) | 0.5 ± 0.1 b | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 a | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
Retroperitoneal fat mass (g) | 25.1 ± 1.8 | 24.1 ± 1.8 | 23.9 ± 3.1 | 19.3 ± 1.5 | 21.4 ± 2.9 |
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Morahan, H.; Rooney, K. An Ecological Validity Model for the Prevention of Obesity: Non-Nutritive Sweetener Consumption in Rats and the Effects of Switching from Sugar-Sweetened to Diet Beverages. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2758. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132758
Morahan H, Rooney K. An Ecological Validity Model for the Prevention of Obesity: Non-Nutritive Sweetener Consumption in Rats and the Effects of Switching from Sugar-Sweetened to Diet Beverages. Nutrients. 2022; 14(13):2758. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132758
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorahan, Heidi, and Kieron Rooney. 2022. "An Ecological Validity Model for the Prevention of Obesity: Non-Nutritive Sweetener Consumption in Rats and the Effects of Switching from Sugar-Sweetened to Diet Beverages" Nutrients 14, no. 13: 2758. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132758