Association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index and Gastric Disease Risk: Findings from a Korean Population-Based Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Data Collection
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Subjects
3.2. E-DII and Prevalent Gastric Diseases at Baseline
3.3. E-DII and Incident Gastric Diseases
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | E-DII Quartiles a | p Value d | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (n = 36,049) | Q2 (n = 36,049) | Q3 (n = 36,049) | Q4 (n = 36,049) | ||
E-DII score | −8.20 to −1.22 | −1.22 to 0.23 | 0.23 to 1.61 | 1.61 to 6.36 | |
Energy (kcal/day) b | 1805.0 ± 593.5 | 1802.0 ± 520.6 | 1751.1 ± 481.7 | 1644.5 ± 459.1 | <0.0001 |
Age (years) b | 52.9 ± 8.0 | 52.6 ± 8.2 | 53.7 ± 8.5 | 54.1 ± 8.8 | <0.0001 |
BMI (Kg/m2) b | 24.3 ± 5.8 | 24.1 ± 5.1 | 23.9 ± 4.6 | 23.7 ± 5.2 | <0.0001 |
<18.5 c | 584 (1.6) | 649 (1.8) | 687 (1.9) | 814 (2.3) | <0.0001 |
18.5–<23 | 13,286 (36.7) | 13,506 (37.5) | 13,215 (36.7) | 12,850 (35.6) | |
23–25 | 9934 (27.6) | 10,025 (27.8) | 9973 (27.7) | 9917 (27.5) | |
>25 | 12,245 (34.1) | 11,869 (32.9) | 12,174 (33.8) | 12,468 (34.6) | |
Sex c, Female | 26,634 (73.9) | 24,622 (68.3) | 22,785 (63.2) | 20,327 (56.4) | <0.0001 |
Male | 9415 (26.1) | 11,427 (31.7) | 13,264 (36.8) | 15,722 (43.6) | |
Marital status c, Married | 31,851 (88.4) | 31,933 (89.6) | 31,805 (88.2) | 31,010 (86.0) | <0.0001 |
Single/divorced/widowed | 4198 (11.6) | 4116 (11.4) | 4244 (11.8) | 5039 (14.0) | |
Education c, <Middle school | 5125 (14.2) | 5452 (15.1) | 6315 (17.5) | 7959 (22.1) | <0.0001 |
Middle~high school | 20,494 (56.8) | 19,705 (54.7) | 19,564 (54.3) | 19,409 (53.8) | |
≥College | 10,430 (29.0) | 10,892 (30.2) | 10,170 (28.2) | 8681 (24.1) | |
Smoking c, Never | 28,587 (79.3) | 26,987 (74.9) | 25,774 (71.5) | 23,496 (65.2) | <0.0001 |
Past | 4174 (11.6) | 5028 (13.9) | 5565 (15.4) | 6339 (17.6) | |
Current | 3288 (9.1) | 4034 (11.2) | 4710 (13.1) | 6214 (17.2) | |
Drinking c, Never | 19,511 (54.1) | 18,395 (51.0) | 17,875 (49.6) | 17,189 (47.7) | <0.0001 |
Past | 1386 (3.8) | 1330 (3.7) | 1478 (4.1) | 1672 (4.6) | |
Current | 15,152 (42.1) | 16,324 (45.3) | 16,696 (46.3) | 17,188 (47.7) | |
Physical activity e, Irregular | 14,401 (39.9) | 16,572 (46.0) | 18,143 (50.3) | 20,174 (56.0) | <0.0001 |
Regular | 21,648 (60.1) | 19,477 (54.0) | 17,906 (49.7) | 15,875 (44.0) | |
Menopausal status f, Post | 15,971 (60.1) | 14,200 (57.7) | 13,109 (57.5) | 12,564 (61.8) | <0.0001 |
Pre | 10,663 (39.9) | 10,422 (42.3) | 9676 (42.5) | 7763 (38.2) | |
Family history No | 31,396 (87.1) | 31,463 (87.3) | 30,521 (84.7) | 30,295 (84.0) | <0.0001 |
of cancer Yes | 4673 (12.9) | 4586 (12.7) | 5528 (15.3) | 5754 (16.0) |
E-DII Quartiles a | Cross-Sectional (Logistic Regression) b | Prospective (Cox Proportional) c | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases/Total | Total | Men | Women | Cases/Total | Total | Men | Women | |
Multivariate OR | Multivariate OR | Multivariate OR | Multivariate HR | Multivariate HR | Multivariate HR | |||
All Gastric Diseases | ||||||||
Q1 | 324/36,049 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 530/35,689 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 369/36,049 | 1.10 (0.97–1.25) | 1.01 (0.79–1.28) | 1.15 (0.99–1.33) | 598/35,689 | 1.19 (1.06–1.34) | 1.10 (0.86–1.42) | 1.22 (1.06–1.39) |
Q3 | 392/36,049 | 1.22 (1.07–1.40) | 1.28 (1.00–1.65) | 1.20 (1.02–1.41) | 604/35,688 | 1.25 (1.11–1.41) | 1.22 (0.96–1.55) | 1.25 (1.09–1.44) |
Q4 | 356/36,049 | 1.09 (0.94–1.26) | 1.01 (0.77–1.32) | 1.13 (0.95–1.34) | 541/35,689 | 1.22 (1.08–1.38) * | 1.15 (0.91–1.46) | 1.27 (1.08–1.45) * |
p for trend d | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.21 | 0.01 | ||
p for interaction e | 0.23 | 0.10 | ||||||
Continuous | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.99 (0.95–1.05) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.02 (1.01–1.06) * | 0.99 (0.93–1.01) | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) * | ||
Gastritis | ||||||||
Q1 | 210/36,049 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 386/35,689 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 218/36,049 | 1.06 (0.93–1.22) | 0.99 (0.74–1.34) | 1.10 (0.93–1.31) | 415/35,689 | 1.14 (0.99–1.32) | 1.06 (0.78–1.45) | 1.14 (0.96–1.35) |
Q3 | 244/36,049 | 1.17 (1.01–1.39) | 1.23 (0.91–1.69) | 1.15 (0.96–1.39) | 410/35,688 | 1.16 (1.01–1.34) | 1.12 (0.84–1.50) | 1.19 (1.02–1.39) |
Q4 | 184/36,049 | 1.12 (0.94–1.27) | 1.10 (0.79–1.54) | 1.12 (0.91–1.36) | 360/35,689 | 1.19 (1.04–1.37) * | 1.17 (0.87–1.57) | 1.19 (1.02–1.40) * |
p for trend d | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.01 | 0.29 | 0.03 | ||
p for interaction e | 0.21 | 0.84 | ||||||
Continuous | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.00 (0.95–1.07) | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) * | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) * | ||
Gastric Ulcer | ||||||||
Q1 | 94/36,049 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 123/35,689 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 127/36,049 | 1.16 (0.90–1.49) | 0.88 (0.58–1.33) | 1.36 (0.99–1.87) | 158/35,689 | 1.39 (1.1–1.76) | 1.08 (0.71–1.63) | 1.48 (1.11–1.96) |
Q3 | 123/36,049 | 1.31 (0.99–1.70) | 1.27 (0.83–1.94) | 1.35 (0.96–1.90) | 166/35,688 | 1.44 (1.13–1.83) | 1.18 (0.77–1.81) | 1.57 (1.18–2.09) |
Q4 | 146/36,049 | 1.22 (0.92–1.61) | 0.98 (0.61–1.56) | 1.38 (0.97–1.97) | 153/35,689 | 1.47 (1.16–1.85) * | 1.23 (0.81–1.85) | 1.68 (1.25–2.25) * |
p for trend d | 0.15 | 0.32 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.01 | ||
p for interaction e | 0.31 | 0.15 | ||||||
Continuous | 1.03 (0.98–1.10) | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | 1.02 (1.01–1.05) * | 0.96 (0.93–1.01) | 1.04 (1.01–1.15) * | ||
Duodenal Ulcer | ||||||||
Q1 | 20/36,049 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 21/35,689 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 24/36,049 | 0.86 (0.45–1.65) | 0.90 (0.31–2.67) | 0.84 (0.37–1.91) | 25/35,689 | 1.21 (0.68–2.17) | 1.85 (0.59–5.73) | 1.05 (0.53–2.08) |
Q3 | 25/36,049 | 1.54 (0.84–2.90) | 1.37 (0.50–4.06) | 1.63 (0.76–3.63) | 28/35,688 | 1.36 (0.77–2.40) | 1.88 (0.58–1.09) | 1.07 (0.54–2.15) |
Q4 | 26/36,049 | 0.98 (0.50–1.98) | 0.92 (0.30–2.98) | 1.00 (0.42–2.44) | 28/35,689 | 1.38 (0.78–2.44) | 2.30 (0.75–2.06) | 1.31 (0.66–2.59) |
p for trend d | 0.27 | 0.41 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0.47 | ||
p for interaction e | 0.24 | 0.07 | ||||||
Continuous | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | 0.99 (0.81–1.24) | 0.97 (0.82–1.15) | 0.94 (0.89–0.97) | 0.95 (0.81–1.09) | 0.97 (0.72–0.99) | ||
Gastric and Duodenal Ulcer | ||||||||
Q1 | 114/36,049 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 144/35,689 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 151/36,049 | 1.11 (0.88–1.40) | 0.88 (0.59–1.30) | 1.27 (0.94–1.70) | 183/35,689 | 1.35 (1.08–1.69) | 1.19 (0.79–1.78) | 1.42 (1.09–1.85) |
Q3 | 148/36,049 | 1.33 (1.05–1.71) | 1.28 (0.87–1.91) | 1.38 (1.01–1.89) | 194/35,688 | 1.45 (1.16–1.81) | 1.32 (0.90–1.94) | 1.50 (1.15–1.96) |
Q4 | 172/36,049 | 1.19 (0.92–1.54) | 0.98 (0.63–1.51) | 1.33 (0.96–1.85) | 181/35,689 | 1.46 (1.17–1.81) * | 1.14 (0.78–1.69) | 1.65 (1.26–2.17) * |
p for trend d | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.50 | 0.01 | ||
p for interaction e | 0.26 | 0.16 | ||||||
Continuous | 1.03 (0.98–1.09) | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 1.05 (1.01–1.06) * | 1.01 (0.91–1.08) | 1.06 (1.02–1.13) * |
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Sreeja, S.R.; Le, T.-D.; Eom, B.W.; Oh, S.H.; Shivappa, N.; Hebert, J.R.; Kim, M.K. Association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index and Gastric Disease Risk: Findings from a Korean Population-Based Cohort Study. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2662. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132662
Sreeja SR, Le T-D, Eom BW, Oh SH, Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Kim MK. Association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index and Gastric Disease Risk: Findings from a Korean Population-Based Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2022; 14(13):2662. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132662
Chicago/Turabian StyleSreeja, Sundara Raj, Trong-Dat Le, Bang Wool Eom, Seung Hyun Oh, Nitin Shivappa, James R. Hebert, and Mi Kyung Kim. 2022. "Association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index and Gastric Disease Risk: Findings from a Korean Population-Based Cohort Study" Nutrients 14, no. 13: 2662. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132662