Analysis of Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of Children with Down Syndrome in the Context of Lipid and Oxidative Stress Parameters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
- Age ≥ 9 years and <18 years,
- Signed informed child–carer consent for participation in the study,
- No obesogenic drugs in the medical interview,
- Lack of severe concomitant diseases,
- A willingness to cooperate.
- Mosaic Down syndrome,
- No consent for the study,
- Steroid treatment or other drugs affecting body weight,
- Severe associated diseases.
2.1. Anthropometry and Body Composition
2.2. Assessment of Dietary Habits
2.3. Biochemistry
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Anthropometry and Body Composition
3.2. Biochemistry
3.3. Assessment of Dietary Habits
3.4. The results of the Food Frequency Questionnaire
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | All n = 39 | Normal Weight n = 24 | Overweight/Obesity n = 15 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Girls/boys | 24/15 | 13/11 | 11/4 | 0.317 |
Age (years) | 14.3 ± 2.4 | 14.4 ± 2.3 | 14.1 ± 2.6 | 0.873 |
Cardiac operation in the first year of life (n, %) | 19 (49%) | 13 (54%) | 6 (40%) | 0.389 |
Atrial septal defect/ventricular septal defect (n, %) | 8 (21%) | 6 (25%) | 2 (13%) | 0.450 |
Atrioventricular canal defect (n, %) | 14 (36%) | 9 (38%) | 5 (33%) | 0.792 |
Thyroid hormone replacement therapy (n, %) | 35 (90%) | 22 (92%) | 13 (87%) | 0.631 |
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) mU/L | 2.5 (2.05;3.17) | 2.47 (2;3.4) | 2.6 (1.7;3.17) | 0.312 |
Weight (kg) | 48.9 ± 13.1 | 43.1 ± 10.6 | 57.8 ± 11.9 | <0.001 |
Height (m) | 1.46 ± 0.11 | 1.48 ± 0.12 | 1.45 ± 0.11 | 0.442 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 4.3 | 20.6 ± 3.0 | 27.1 ± 3.0 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 75.8 ± 10.9 | 69.8 ± 7.5 | 85.4 ± 8.3 | <0.001 |
Fat mass (kg) | 16.7 ± 7.2 | 12.7 ± 3.6 | 22.9 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
Fat mass percentile | 73.0 (44.5;90.0) | 56.5 (35.5;73) | 91.5 (81.5;94.5) | 0.001 |
Fat mass (%) | 33.6 ± 9.2 | 29.3 ± 6.4 | 40.3 ± 9.1 | <0.001 |
Fat mass/Height2 (kg/m2) | 7.2 (4.8;10.6) | 5.1 (4.6;7.3) | 10.7 (10.3;12.7) | <0.001 |
Fat mass/Height2 percentile | 53 (41.5;85.5) | 45 (30.5;53.0) | 87 (76.5;91.5) | <0.001 |
Visceral fat mass (g) | 252 (201;332) | 229 (172;272) | 331 (257;491) | 0.002 |
Fat-free mass (kg) | 32.2 ± 8.7 | 31.2 ± 9.0 | 33.7 ± 8 | 0.452 |
Bone mineral mass (g) | 1353 ± 370 | 1328 ± 411 | 1392 ± 307 | 0.629 |
Bone mineral mass (z-score) | −1.28 ± 1.55 | −1.42 ± 1.82 | −1.1 ± 1.02 | 0.530 |
Biochemical Parameters | All n = 39 | Normal Weight n = 24 | Overweight/Obesity n = 15 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
TC (mg/dL) | 170 ± 32 | 163 ± 31 | 181 ± 31 | 0.088 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 101 ± 29 | 97 ± 27 | 109 ± 31 | 0.204 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 54 ± 12 | 53 ± 12 | 54 ± 12 | 0.964 |
Non-HDL-C (mg/dL) | 117 ± 30 | 110 ± 27 | 128 ± 32 | 0.065 |
TG (mg/dL) | 70 (52;94) | 61 (49;76) | 94 (64;123) | 0.007 |
AIP | −0.25 (−0.35;−0.08) | −0.30 (−0.36;−0.23) | −0.19 (−0.28;0.08) | 0.016 |
ApoB (mg/dL) | 66 ± 11 | 64 ± 10 | 67 ± 12 | 0.130 |
ApoA1 (mg/dL) | 141 ± 21 | 140 ± 21 | 143 ± 20 | 0.617 |
ApoA2 (mg/dL) | 32 (29;36) | 30 (28;34) | 36 (31;37) | 0.023 |
ApoE (mg/dL) | 4.06 (3.55;4.72) | 3.77 (3.29;4.12) | 4.64 (4.05;5.10) | 0.011 |
TBARS (µmol/L) | 1.83 ± 0.53 | 1.83 ± 0.59 | 1.83 ± 0.43 | 0.986 |
AOPP (µmol/L) | 142 ± 38 | 133 ± 34 | 156 ± 40 | 0.069 |
BMI | Waist Circumference | Fat Mass (kg) | Fat Mass/Height2 (kg/m2) | Visceral Fat Mass (g) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TG | 0.405 (p = 0.011) | 0.310 (p = 0.054) | 0.357 (p = 0.041) | 0.370 (p = 0.036) | 0.216 (p = 0.234) |
ApoE | 0.515 (p < 0.001) | 0.246 (p = 0.131) | 0.417 (p = 0.016) | 0.438 (p = 0.012) | 0.280 (p = 0.120) |
AIP | 0.377 (p = 0.019) | 0.399 (p = 0.012) | 0.331 (p = 0.060) | 0.266 (p = 0.140) | 0.227 (p = 0.211) |
TBARS | 0.091 (p = 0.588) | −0.071 (p = 0.667) | 0.344 (p = 0.050) | 0.374 (p = 0.035) | 0.341 (p = 0.056) |
AOPP | 0.176 (p = 0.288) | 0.240 (p = 0.146) | 0.283 (p = 0.109) | 0.396 (p = 0.025) | 0.377 (p = 0.033) |
Whole Study Group | All n = 39 | Normal Weight n = 24 | Overweight/Obesity n = 15 | p-Value |
Food interest (FI) | ||||
Emotional overeating | 1.85 ± 0.79 | 1.82 ± 0.77 | 1.90 ± 0.85 | 0.816 |
Enjoyment of food | 3.66 ± 0.73 | 3.49 ± 0.65 | 3.92 ± 0.79 | 0.041 |
Food responsivness | 2.62 ± 0.85 | 2.45 ± 0.72 | 2.87 ± 0.98 | 0.169 |
Desire to drink | 2.93 ± 1.10 | 2.80 ± 1.23 | 3.11 ± 0.87 | 0.307 |
FI all categories (mean) | 2.76 ± 0.58 | 2.64 ± 0.48 | 2.95 ± 0.68 | 0.150 |
Food avoidance (FA) | ||||
Emotional undereating | 2.12 ± 0.71 | 2.30 ± 0.75 | 1.87 ± 0.60 | 0.134 |
Satiety responsivness | 2.32 ± 0.66 | 2.45 ± 0.71 | 2.12 ± 0.56 | 0.104 |
Slowness in eating | 2.74 ± 0.52 | 2.88 ± 0.54 | 2.55 ± 0.42 | 0.066 |
Food fussiness | 2.72 ± 0.34 | 2.76 ± 0.32 | 2.67 ± 0.36 | 0.805 |
FA all categories (mean) | 2.48 ± 0.32 | 2.60 ± 0.32 | 2.30 ± 0.23 | 0.004 |
Girls | All n = 24 | Normal Weight n = 13 | Overweight/Obesity n = 11 | p-Value |
Food interest (FI) | ||||
Emotional overeating | 1.78 ± 0.65 | 2.02 ± 0.78 | 1.55 ± 0.40 | 0.158 |
Enjoyment of food | 3.53 ± 0.72 | 3.34 ± 0.60 | 3.73 ± 0.80 | 0.149 |
Food responsivness | 2.36 ± 0.76 | 2.15 ± 0.59 | 2.58 ± 0.87 | 0.264 |
Desire to drink | 2.50 ± 0.81 | 2.09 ± 0.60 | 2.91 ± 0.82 | 0.017 |
FI all categories (mean) | 2.55 ± 0.48 | 2.40 ± 0.47 | 2.69 ± 0.46 | 0.115 |
Food avoidance (FA) | ||||
Emotional undereating | 2.17 ± 0.81 | 2.61 ± 0.75 | 1.73 ± 0.61 | 0.014 |
Satiety responsivness | 2.38 ± 0.55 | 2.48 ± 0.61 | 2.27 ± 0.49 | 0.450 |
Slowness in eating | 2.72 ± 0.54 | 2.87 ± 0.59 | 2.56 ± 0.45 | 0.224 |
Food fussiness | 2.68 ± 0.38 | 2.74 ± 0.39 | 2.62 ± 0.39 | 0.742 |
FA all categories (mean) | 2.49 ± 0.34 | 2.68 ± 0.30 | 2.30 ± 0.26 | 0.011 |
Boys | All n = 15 | Normal Weight n = 11 | Overweight/Obesity n = 4 | p-Value |
Food interest (FI) | ||||
Emotional overeating | 1.95 ± 0.98 | 1.61 ± 0.74 | 2.88 ± 1.05 * | 0.058 |
Enjoyment of food | 3.85 ± 0.72 | 3.64 ± 0.68 | 4.44 ± 0.52 | 0.078 |
Food responsivness | 2.99 ± 0.86 * | 2.75 ± 0.74 | 3.65 ± 0.91 * | 0.050 |
Desire to drink | 3.56 ± 1.18 * | 3.52 ± 1.31 * | 3.67 ± 0.86 | 0.999 |
FI all categories (mean) | 3.09 ± 0.59 * | 2.88 ± 0.38 * | 3.66 ± 0.75 * | 0.031 |
Food avoidance (FA) | ||||
Emotional undereating | 2.05 ± 0.57 | 1.98 ± 0.62 | 2.25 ± 0.41 | 0.296 |
Satiety responsivness | 2.23 ± 0.82 | 2.43 ± 0.82 | 1.69 ± 0.55 | 0.117 |
Slowness in eating | 2.79 ± 0.51 | 2.89 ± 0.52 | 2.50 ± 0.38 | 0.214 |
Food fussiness | 2.78 ± 0.26 | 2.77 ± 0.26 | 2.79 ± 0.28 | 0.999 |
FA all categories (mean) | 2.46 ± 0.30 | 2.52 ± 0.32 | 2.31 ± 0.15 | 0.117 |
BMI | Waist Circumference | Fat Mass (kg) | Fat Mass/Height2 (kg/m2) | Visceral Fat Mass (g) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food interest (FI) | |||||
Emotional overeating | 0.230 (p = 0.2) | 0.115 (p = 0.5) | 0.058 (p = 0.7) | −0.091 (p = 0.6) | 0.035 (p = 0.8) |
Enjoyment of food | 0.334 (p = 0.047) | 0.394 (p = 0.016) | 0.186 (p = 0.3) | 0.118 (p = 0.5) | 0.334 (p = 0.071) |
Food responsivness | 0.217 (p = 0.2) | 0.380 (p = 0.020) | 0.140 (p = 0.4) | 0.031 (p = 0.9) | 0.246 (p = 0.2) |
Desire to drink | 0.161 (p = 0.3) | 0.354 (p = 0.032) | 0.069 (p = 0.7) | −0.130 (p = 0.5) | −0.027 (p = 0.9) |
Food interest in all categories (mean) | 0.244 (p = 0.2) | 0.387 (p = 0.018) | 0.065 (p = 0.7) | −0.125 (p = 0.5) | 0.105 (p = 0.6) |
Food avoidance (FA) | |||||
Emotional undereating | −0.013 (p = 0.9) | −0.115 (p = 0.5) | −0.161 (p = 0.4) | −0.181 (p = 0.3) | −0.092 (p = 0.6) |
Satiety responsivness | −0.280 (p = 0.1) | −0.214 (p = 0.2) | −0.404 (p = 0.024) | −0.277 (p = 0.1) | −0.450 (p = 0.013) |
Slowness in eating | −0.415 (p = 0.012) | −0.373 (p = 0.023) | −0.388 (p = 0.031) | −0.372 (p = 0.043) | −0.261 (p = 0.2) |
Food fussiness | −0.130 (p = 0.5) | −0.026 (p = 0.9) | −0.105 (p = 0.6) | −0.099 (p = 0.6) | 0.066 (p = 0.7) |
Food avoidance in all categories (mean) | −0.383 (p = 0.021) | −0.414 (p = 0.011) | −0.510 (p = 0.003) | −0.447 (p = 0.013) | −0.436 (p = 0.016) |
All (n = 39) | |||
---|---|---|---|
% of Children Who Met the Requirements (Ate Products Several Times a Day) | % of Children Who Never, Rarely, Once a Month or Less Often Consumed Nourishing Products **** | ||
Products that should be eaten several times a day * | Vegetables | 7% | 8% |
Whole grain products | 2.5% | 20% | |
Natural dairy products | 7% | 27% | |
Products that should be eaten every day ** | Vegetable oils and/or seeds nuts | 20% | Oils 5% Nuts/seeds 61% |
Fruits | 51% | 10% | |
At least one a week *** | Fatty fish | 43.6% | 56.4% |
All | p | Obesity/Overweight | p | Normal Body Mass | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fruits vs. sweets | 4.1 ± 1.2 vs. 2.9 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | 4.3 ± 1.5 vs. 2.8 ± 0.6 | 0.01 | 3.9 ± 1 vs. 3 ± 0.8 | 0.002 |
Fruits vs. vegetables | 4.1 ± 1.2 vs. 4.4 ± 1.2 | 0.18 | 4.3 ± 1.5 vs. 4.5 ± 1 | 0.78 | 3.9 ± 1 vs. 4.3 ± 1.2 | 0.12 |
* PUFA, MUFA sources vs. ** SFA sources | 2.3 ± 0.6 vs. 3.1 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | 2.25 ± 0.6 vs. 3 ± 0.6 | 0.01 | 2.4 ± 0.6 vs. 3.2 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
Whole grain products vs. refined grain products | 3.5 ± 1.5 vs. 3.9 ± 1.4 | 0.22 | 3.7 ± 1.4 vs. 4 ± 1.4 | 0.72 | 3.3 ± 1.6 vs. 3.9 ± 1.4 | 0.23 |
Red meat vs. white meat | 3.1 ± 0.8 vs. 3.6 ± 0.7 | 0.01 | 3.3 ± 0.4 vs. 3.7 ± 0.9 | 0.06 | 3 ± 0.9 vs. 3.6 ± 0.4 | 0.08 |
Red meat vs. fatty fishes | 3.1 ± 0.8 vs. 2.3 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | 3.3 ± 0.4 vs. 2 ± 0.8 | 0.001 | 3 ± 0.9 vs. 2.4 ± 0.8 | 0.06 |
Red meat vs. lean fishes | 3.1 ± 0.8 vs. 2.5 ± 0.8 | <0.001 | 3.3 ± 0.4 vs. 2.5 ± 0.8 | 0.01 | 3 ± 0.9 vs. 2.6 ± 0.7 | 0.03 |
Potatoes vs. group of groats, pasta, rice | 3.9 ± 0.9 vs. 2.8 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | 3.9 ± 0.9 vs. 3 ± 0.8 | 0.03 | 3.8 ± 1 vs. 2.7 ± 0.9 | 0.001 |
Fruit juices, nectars vs. sweetened beverages | 3.5 ± 1.2 vs. 1.9 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | 3.4 ± 1.4 vs. 2.1 ± 0.1 | 0.007 | 3.5 ± 1.2 vs. 1.9 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
Vegetable juices vs. sweetened beverages | 2.5 ± 1.1 vs. 1.9 ± 1.1 | 0.04 | 2.7 ± 1.6 vs. 2.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 | 2.4 ± 1 vs. 1.9 ± 1.1 | 0.12 |
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Wernio, E.; Kłosowska, A.; Kuchta, A.; Ćwiklińska, A.; Sałaga-Zaleska, K.; Jankowski, M.; Kłosowski, P.; Wiśniewski, P.; Wierzba, J.; Małgorzewicz, S. Analysis of Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of Children with Down Syndrome in the Context of Lipid and Oxidative Stress Parameters. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2390. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122390
Wernio E, Kłosowska A, Kuchta A, Ćwiklińska A, Sałaga-Zaleska K, Jankowski M, Kłosowski P, Wiśniewski P, Wierzba J, Małgorzewicz S. Analysis of Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of Children with Down Syndrome in the Context of Lipid and Oxidative Stress Parameters. Nutrients. 2022; 14(12):2390. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122390
Chicago/Turabian StyleWernio, Edyta, Anna Kłosowska, Agnieszka Kuchta, Agnieszka Ćwiklińska, Kornelia Sałaga-Zaleska, Maciej Jankowski, Przemysław Kłosowski, Piotr Wiśniewski, Jolanta Wierzba, and Sylwia Małgorzewicz. 2022. "Analysis of Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of Children with Down Syndrome in the Context of Lipid and Oxidative Stress Parameters" Nutrients 14, no. 12: 2390. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122390