Alcohol Consumption Patterns and Risk of Early-Onset Vasomotor Symptoms in Premenopausal Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Definition of Early-Onset VMS
2.4. Definition of Alcohol Consumption
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Alcohol Consumption and Prevalent Early-Onset VMS
3.2. Alcohol Consumption and Incidence of Early-Onset VMS
3.3. Effect Modification by Alcohol Flushing Status
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total | Drinking Status | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lifetime Abstainer | Former Drinker | 0 to <10 g/day | 10 to <20 g/day | 20 to <40 g/day | ≥40 g/day | ||
Number (%) | 4164 | 569 (13.7) | 172 (4.1) | 2879 (69.1) | 328 (7.9) | 160 (3.8) | 56 (1.3) |
Age (years) * | 44.8 ± 2.4 | 45.6 ± 2.6 | 45.3 ± 2.8 | 44.6 ± 2.3 | 44.6 ± 2.4 | 44.8 ± 2.5 | 44.7 ± 2.4 |
Age at menarche (years) * | 13.9 ± 1.4 | 14.0 ± 1.4 | 13.9 ± 1.5 | 13.9 ± 1.4 | 14.0 ± 1.5 | 14.1 ± 1.6 | 14.0 ± 1.5 |
Obesity (%) a | 16.2 | 16.3 | 20.9 | 15.7 | 16.5 | 18.8 | 19.6 |
High physical activity (%) b | 14.8 | 13.5 | 17.4 | 14.1 | 18.3 | 19.4 | 21.4 |
Current smoker (%) | 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 3.7 | 11.4 | 17.9 |
High education (%) c | 80.8 | 80.9 | 78.4 | 82.8 | 73.7 | 66.9 | 66.1 |
Hypertension (%) d | 4.5 | 5.3 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 6.7 | 11.3 | 10.7 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) * | 103.9 ± 11.7 | 104.2 ± 11.8 | 104.1 ± 12.0 | 103.2 ± 11.4 | 105.5 ± 11.4 | 109.0 ± 13.9 | 109.8 ± 13.3 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) * | 66.8 ± 9.2 | 66.3 ± 8.8 | 65.5 ± 9.6 | 66.5 ± 8.9 | 68.5 ± 9.7 | 71.6 ± 11.0 | 72.4 ± 11.3 |
Diabetes (%) e | 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 3.8 | 1.8 |
Glucose (mg/dL) * | 93.0 ± 12.0 | 92.4 ± 10.4 | 94.0 ± 20.9 | 92.7 ± 11.7 | 94.0 ± 8.8 | 96.1 ± 15.7 | 93.2 ± 15.7 |
LDLC (mg/dL) * | 119.2 ± 28.7 | 123.5 ± 29.0 | 120.2 ± 27.7 | 118.7 ± 28.1 | 119.8 ± 30.6 | 115.5 ± 33.0 | 108.2 ± 30.5 |
HDLC (mg/dL) * | 67.0 ± 15.9 | 65.0 ± 15.4 | 66.0 ± 15.1 | 66.6 ± 15.6 | 69.3 ± 16.3 | 74.1 ± 18.8 | 77.0 ± 20.4 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) † | 74.0 (57.0–100.0) | 77.0 (58.0–105.0) | 73.5 (56.0–100.0) | 73.0 (57.0–98.0) | 78.5 (57.0–106.0) | 78.5 (62.0–105.0) | 77.0 (63.5–109.5) |
AST (U/l) † | 18.0 (15.0–20.0) | 18.0 (15.0–20.0) | 18.0 (16.0–21.0) | 17.0 (15.0–20.0) | 18.0 (15.0–21.0) | 18.0 (16.0–21.0) | 18.0 (16.0–20.0) |
ALT (U/l) † | 13.0 (11.0–17.0) | 14.0 (11.0–17.0) | 14.5 (12.0–19.0) | 13.0 (11.0–17.0) | 13.0 (11.0–17.0) | 13.0 (11.0–17.0) | 13.0 (10.5–15.5) |
GGT (U/l) † | 13.0 (11.0–18.0) | 13.0 (10.0–17.0) | 13.0 (11.0–16.0) | 13.0 (11.0–18.0) | 15.0 (12.0–21.0) | 17.0 (13.0–21.0) | 18.0 (14.0–30.0) |
HOMA-IR † | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 1.1 (0.8–1.9) | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) |
hsCRP (mg/L) † | 0.03 (0.02–0.06) | 0.03 (0.02–0.06) | 0.03 (0.02–0.07) | 0.03 (0.02–0.06) | 0.03 (0.02–0.05) | 0.04 (0.02–0.06) | 0.03 (0.02–0.05) |
Alcohol Consumption Patterns | Vasomotor Symptoms | Hot Flash Symptoms | Night Sweat Symptoms | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age-Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Multivariable-Adjusted OR * (95% CI) | Age-Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Multivariable-Adjusted OR * (95% CI) | Age-Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Multivariable-Adjusted OR * (95% CI) | |
Drinking status | ||||||
Lifetime abstainer | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Current drinker | ||||||
0.1 to <10 g/day | 1.41 (1.01–1.97) | 1.42 (1.02–1.99) | 1.30 (0.91–1.84) | 1.31 (0.92–1.86) | 1.48 (0.85–2.58) | 1.50 (0.86–2.63) |
10 to <20 g/day | 2.05 (1.32–3.19) | 1.99 (1.27–3.12) | 1.83 (1.14–2.92) | 1.73 (1.07–2.78) | 2.82 (1.43–5.58) | 2.82 (1.42–5.63) |
20 to <40 g/day | 2.24 (1.32–3.83) | 2.06 (1.19–3.57) | 1.33 (0.70–2.51) | 1.17 (0.61–2.25) | 4.82 (2.34–9.93) | 4.51 (2.15–9.48) |
≥40 g/day | 3.89 (1.94–7.80) | 3.52 (1.72–7.20) | 2.32 (1.03–5.25) | 2.04 (0.88–4.72) | 8.98 (3.80–21.26) | 8.30 (3.40–20.28) |
p trend | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 0.06 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Former drinker | 1.08 (0.58–2.03) | 1.06 (0.56–1.99) | 1.10 (0.57–2.11) | 1.06 (0.55–2.05) | 1.62 (0.65–4.04) | 1.59 (0.63–3.99) |
Frequency of drinking (days/week) | ||||||
0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
1–2 | 1.43 (1.05–1.95) | 1.44 (1.05–1.96) | 1.31 (0.95–1.81) | 1.31 (0.95–1.82) | 1.54 (0.94–2.52) | 1.54 (0.94–2.53) |
≥3 | 2.15 (1.41–3.27) | 2.10 (1.37–3.22) | 1.63 (1.03–2.59) | 1.59 (0.99–2.54) | 3.23 (1.75–5.96) | 3.08 (1.64–5.75) |
p trend | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.03 | 0.04 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Number of drinks drinking day | ||||||
0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
1–2 | 1.37 (0.99–1.89) | 1.39 (1.01–1.92) | 1.28 (0.91–1.80) | 1.31 (0.93–1.84) | 1.29 (0.77–2.15) | 1.29 (0.77–2.17) |
3–5 | 1.77 (1.24–2.52) | 1.74 (1.21–2.49) | 1.57 (1.08–2.28) | 1.53 (1.05–2.23) | 2.14 (1.24–3.68) | 2.11 (1.22–5.65) |
≥6 | 2.40 (1.54–3.76) | 2.14 (1.34–3.38) | 1.75 (1.06–2.87) | 1.53 (0.92–2.54) | 3.50 (1.85–6.62) | 3.01 (1.56–5.80) |
p trend | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.03 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Alcohol Drinking Patterns | Vasomotor Symptoms | Hot Flash Symptoms | Night Sweat Symptoms | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age-Adjusted HRs (95% CI) | Multivariable-Adjusted HR (95% CI) * | Age-Adjusted HRs (95% CI) | Multivariable-Adjusted HR (95% CI) * | Age-Adjusted HRs (95% CI) | Multivariable-Adjusted HR (95% CI) * | |
Drinking status | ||||||
Lifetime abstainer | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Current drinker | ||||||
0.1 to <10 g/day | 1.09 (0.85–1.41) | 1.10 (0.85–1.41) | 0.99 (0.74–1.34) | 1.00 (0.75–1.35) | 1.21 (0.89–1.64) | 1.21 (0.89–1.64) |
10 to <20 g/day | 1.09 (0.74–1.59) | 1.03 (0.70–1.51) | 0.86 (0.53–1.39) | 0.82 (0.51–1.35) | 1.19 (0.75–1.88) | 1.12 (0.71–1.77) |
20 to <40 g/day | 1.74 (1.09–2.79) | 1.72 (1.06–2.78) | 1.34 (0.74–2.41) | 1.28 (0.70–2.34) | 2.05 (1.19–3.52) | 1.95 (1.12–3.40) |
≥40 g/day | 2.23 (1.18–4.24) | 2.22 (1.16–4.23) | 1.30 (0.52–3.26) | 1.32 (0.52–3.32) | 3.20 (1.61–6.34) | 3.12 (1.56–6.23) |
p trend | <0.01 | 0.02 | 0.59 | 0.70 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Former drinker | 1.29 (0.80–2.05) | 1.27 (0.79–2.04) | 1.09 (0.62–1.94) | 1.08 (0.61–1.91) | 1.17 (0.65–2.12) | 1.15 (0.63–2.09) |
Frequency of drinking (days/week) | ||||||
0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
1–2 | 1.09 (0.86–1.38) | 1.08 (0.85–1.37) | 0.99 (0.74–1.31) | 1.00 (0.75–1.32) | 1.19 (0.89–1.59) | 1.18 (0.89–1.57) |
≥3 | 1.50 (1.05–2.13) | 1.48 (1.03–2.12) | 1.30 (0.84–1.99) | 1.30 (0.84–2.02) | 1.65 (1.09–2.51) | 1.61 (1.06–2.46) |
p trend | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
Number of drinks a drinking day | ||||||
0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
1–2 | 1.04 (0.82–1.33) | 1.04 (0.81–1.33) | 0.95 (0.72–1.27) | 0.96 (0.72–1.28) | 1.15 (0.86–1.55) | 1.14 (0.85–1.54) |
3–5 | 1.21 (0.91–1.61) | 1.20 (0.90–1.59) | 0.98 (0.70–1.40) | 0.98 (0.70–1.38) | 1.43 (1.02–2.00) | 1.41 (1.00–1.97) |
≥6 | 1.55 (1.05–2.28) | 1.47 (1.00–2.17) | 1.37 (0.86–2.17) | 1.31 (0.82–2.09) | 1.79 (1.15–2.80) | 1.66 (1.05–2.62) |
p trend | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.34 | 0.45 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
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Kwon, R.; Chang, Y.; Kim, Y.; Cho, Y.; Choi, H.R.; Lim, G.-Y.; Kang, J.; Kim, K.-H.; Kim, H.; Hong, Y.S.; et al. Alcohol Consumption Patterns and Risk of Early-Onset Vasomotor Symptoms in Premenopausal Women. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2276. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112276
Kwon R, Chang Y, Kim Y, Cho Y, Choi HR, Lim G-Y, Kang J, Kim K-H, Kim H, Hong YS, et al. Alcohol Consumption Patterns and Risk of Early-Onset Vasomotor Symptoms in Premenopausal Women. Nutrients. 2022; 14(11):2276. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112276
Chicago/Turabian StyleKwon, Ria, Yoosoo Chang, Yejin Kim, Yoosun Cho, Hye Rin Choi, Ga-Young Lim, Jeonggyu Kang, Kye-Hyun Kim, Hoon Kim, Yun Soo Hong, and et al. 2022. "Alcohol Consumption Patterns and Risk of Early-Onset Vasomotor Symptoms in Premenopausal Women" Nutrients 14, no. 11: 2276. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112276