Phytochemical Combination (p-Synephrine, p-Octopamine Hydrochloride, and Hispidulin) for Improving Obesity in Obese Mice Induced by High-Fat Diet
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Culture and Adipogenic Differentiation
2.2. Cell Viability
2.3. Oil Red O Staining
2.4. Western Blotting Analysis
2.5. Study Animals and Experimental Design
2.6. Blood Biochemistry
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Inhibitory Effects of Hispidulin, p-Synephrine, and p-Octopamine HCl on Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes
3.2. Inhibitory Effects of SOH on Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes
3.3. Inhibitory Effects of SOH on the Expression of Proteins Involved in Adipogenesis of Differentiated 3T3L-1 Cells
3.4. Effects of SOH on Body Weight and Food Intake in HFD-Induced Obese Mice
3.5. Effects of SOH on Blood Biochemistry in HFD-Induced Obese Mice
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
C/EBPα | adenosine monophosphate |
PPARγ | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma |
p-octopamine HCl | p-Octopamine hydrochloride |
SOH | a mixture of p-synephrine, p-octopamine HCl, and hispidulin |
P/S | penicillin/streptomycin |
FBS | fetal bovine serum |
ORO | Oil Red O solution |
ND | normal diet control group |
CMC | sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose |
HFD | high-fat diet |
ATS | atorvastatin |
EDTA | ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid |
ALT | alanine aminotransferase |
SEM | standard error of the mean |
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Lee, D.; Lee, J.H.; Kim, B.H.; Lee, S.; Kim, D.-W.; Kang, K.S. Phytochemical Combination (p-Synephrine, p-Octopamine Hydrochloride, and Hispidulin) for Improving Obesity in Obese Mice Induced by High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2164. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102164
Lee D, Lee JH, Kim BH, Lee S, Kim D-W, Kang KS. Phytochemical Combination (p-Synephrine, p-Octopamine Hydrochloride, and Hispidulin) for Improving Obesity in Obese Mice Induced by High-Fat Diet. Nutrients. 2022; 14(10):2164. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102164
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Dahae, Ji Hwan Lee, Byoung Ha Kim, Sanghyun Lee, Dong-Wook Kim, and Ki Sung Kang. 2022. "Phytochemical Combination (p-Synephrine, p-Octopamine Hydrochloride, and Hispidulin) for Improving Obesity in Obese Mice Induced by High-Fat Diet" Nutrients 14, no. 10: 2164. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102164
APA StyleLee, D., Lee, J. H., Kim, B. H., Lee, S., Kim, D. -W., & Kang, K. S. (2022). Phytochemical Combination (p-Synephrine, p-Octopamine Hydrochloride, and Hispidulin) for Improving Obesity in Obese Mice Induced by High-Fat Diet. Nutrients, 14(10), 2164. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102164