Dairy Animal Ownership and Household Milk Production Associated with Better Child and Family Diet in Rural Nepal during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Ethics
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Field Procedures
2.4. Impact of COVID-19 on Field Activities
2.5. Participants
3. Diet
3.1. Household Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Participants
4.2. Child Diet
4.3. Family Diet
4.4. Household Dairy Animal Ownership and Milk Production
4.5. Dairy Animal Ownership and Child and Family Diet
4.6. Milk Production and Child and Family Diet
5. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Child Characteristics | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Child gender (M:F) | 213:155 | |||
Child gender % | 58%:42% | |||
Parents’ education | ||||
Mothers’ education (n = 309) | ||||
None or basic | 32 (10%) | |||
Some or completed primary school | 58 (19%) | |||
Some or completed secondary school | 82 (27%) | |||
School-leaving certificate or beyond | 137 (44%) | |||
Fathers’ education (n = 309) | ||||
None or basic | 6 (2%) | |||
Some or completed primary school | 59 (19%) | |||
Some or completed secondary school | 81 (26%) | |||
School-leaving certificate or beyond | 163 (53%) | |||
Household and child characteristics over time | ROUND 1 (n = 251) | ROUND 2 (n = 230) | ROUND 3 (n = 258) | Round 1 vs. Round 2 vs. Round 3 |
Household | ||||
Wealth score | −0.00 ± 1.00 | 0.09 ± 0.89 | −0.00 ± 1.00 | ns |
Income per capita (NPR) | 65,925 ± 52,299 | 72,099 ± 55,741 | 73,240 ± 49,337 | ns |
Animal score | 2.35 ± 2.36 | 2.51 ± 2.59 | 2.40 ± 2.49 | ns |
Land ownership (m2) | 6272 ± 8198 | 5941 ± 5214 | 5884 ± 5171 | ns |
Number of children <15 years | 2.04 ± 1.11 | 2.12 ± 1.05 | 2.18 ± 1.06 | ns |
Child | (n = 299) | (n = 272) | (n = 340) | |
Child age (months) | 34.3 ± 16.7 | 51.34 ± 21.1 | 47.7 ± 16.7 | <0.0001 |
Round 1 (n = 301) | Round 2 (n = 272) | Round 3 (n = 341) | p 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time | ||||||
Child Key Diet Indicators | 24 h | DDS 1 | 4.5 ± 1.1 | 4.6 ± 1.1 | 4.3 ± 1.2 | *** |
Consumed at least 1 ASF 2 | 98% | 93% | 89% | *** | ||
# of ASF consumed 1 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | *** | ||
Consumed eggs 2 | 38% | 32% | 22% | *** | ||
Consumed meat 2 | 26% | 20% | 26% | ns | ||
7 days | # of times ASF consumed 1 | 16.4 ± 5.9 | 17.5 ± 8.1 | 15.3 ± 8.6 | ** | |
# of times eggs consumed 1 | 2.2 ± 2.5 | 2.3 ± 2.6 | 1.5 ± 2.3 | *** | ||
# of times meat consumed 1 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 1.1 | *** | ||
Child Milk-Specific indicators | 24 h | Consumed milk 2 | 97% | 89% | 79% | *** |
Amount of milk consumed (mL) 1 | 298 ± 162 | 368 ± 204 | 297 ± 218 | *** | ||
Milk volume sufficient for age? 2 | 21% | 30% | 22% | ** | ||
Milk ml/kg 1 | 24 ± 14 | 29 ± 16 † | 22 ± 17 | *** | ||
7 days | # of times milk consumed 1 | 12.9 ± 5.1 | 12.5 ± 6.3 | 10.9 ± 6.9 | *** | |
Consumed milk ≤7× 2 | 4% | 13% | 23% | *** | ||
Family ^ Diet Indicators | 24 h | DDS 1 | 4.3 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 1.1 | 4.4 ± 1.1 | ns |
# of ASF consumed 1 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | *** | ||
Consumed at least 1 ASF 2 | 88% | 92% | 88% | ns | ||
Consumed milk 2 | 81% | 85% | 77% | ns |
Time | Indicator | Round 2 | Round 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Child Key Diet Indicators | 24 h | DDS | 0.04 (−0.17, 0.25) | −0.227 * (-0.43, −0.02) |
# ASF consumed | 0.09 (−0.09, 0.26) | −0.08 (−0.26, 0.09) | ||
Consumed at least 1 ASF 1 | 0.07 ** (0.01, 0.34) | 0.04 *** (0.01, 0.18) | ||
7 days | # times ASF consumed | 2.03 ** (0.74, 3.32) | 0.48 (−0.82, 1.77) | |
Child Milk-specific indicators | 24 h | Consumed milk 1 | 0.15 *** (0.05, 0.43) | 0.07 *** (0.02, 0.19) |
Amount of milk consumed (mL) | 50.37 ** (16.25, 84.48) | 3.02 (−31.13, 37.17) | ||
Milk volume sufficient for age? 1 | 2.78*** (1.57, 4.93) | 1.63 (0.92, 2.88) | ||
Milk mL/kg | 3.56 * (0.46, 6.65) | −0.32 (−2.98, 2.33) | ||
7 days | # times milk consumed | 0.19 (−0.86, 1.24) | −0.94 (−1.99, 0.1) | |
Consumed milk ≤7× 1 | 0.26 *** (0.14, 0.47) | 0.16 *** (0.09, 0.28) | ||
Family Diet Indicators † | 7 days | DDS | 0.16 (−0.05, 0.36) | 0.04 (−0.17, 0.24) |
# ASF consumed | 0.26 ** (0.08, 0.43) | 0.27 ** (0.1, 0.45) | ||
Consumed at least 1 ASF 1 | 1.32 (0.65, 2.7) | 0.89 (0.47, 1.7) | ||
Consumed milk 1 | 1 (0.54, 1.83) | 0.64 (0.36, 1.14) |
Time | Indicator | Has at Least 1 Adult Cow or Buffalo | Milk Production >3.5 L/Day | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Child Key Diet Indicators | 24 h | DDS | −0.02 (−0.26, 0.23) | 0.16 (−0.01, 0.33) |
# ASF consumed | 0.11 (−0.1, 0.31) | 0.14 (0.00, 0.28) | ||
Consumed at least 1 ASF 1 | 0.89 (0.51, 1.55) | 1.12 (0.76, 1.65) | ||
7 days | # times ASF consumed | 1.60 (−0.05, 3.24) | 2.21 *** (1.09, 3.34) | |
Child Milk-specific indicators | 24 h | Consumed milk 1 | 2.88 * (1.29, 6.43) | 7.45 *** (2.97, 18.69) |
Amount of milk consumed (mL) | 58.72 ** (15.44, 102.01) | 67.98 *** (38.41, 97.55) | ||
Milk volume sufficient for age? 1 | 2.31 * (1.08, 4.94) | 2.12 ** (1.31, 3.43) | ||
Milk mL/kg | 4.66 * (0.91, 8.40) | 4.33 ** (1.85, 6.81) | ||
7 days | # times milk consumed | 1.60 * (0.28, 2.93) | 1.99 *** (1.09, 2.9) | |
Consumed milk ≤7× 1 | 1.2 (0.64, 2.27) | 1.24 (0.79, 1.96) | ||
Family Diet Indicators † | 7 days | DDS | 0.2 (−0.03, 0.44) | 0.31 *** (0.15, 0.48) |
Consumed at least 1 ASF 1 | 4.77 *** (2.56, 8.89) | 6.116 *** (3.06, 12.17) | ||
# ASF consumed | 0.35 ** (0.14, 0.55) | 0.24 *** (0.11, 0.37) | ||
Consumed milk1 | 5.81 *** (3.15, 10.7) | 11.88 *** (6.17, 22.88) |
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Miller, L.C.; Neupane, S.; Joshi, N.; Lohani, M.; Sah, K.; Shrestha, B. Dairy Animal Ownership and Household Milk Production Associated with Better Child and Family Diet in Rural Nepal during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2074. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102074
Miller LC, Neupane S, Joshi N, Lohani M, Sah K, Shrestha B. Dairy Animal Ownership and Household Milk Production Associated with Better Child and Family Diet in Rural Nepal during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nutrients. 2022; 14(10):2074. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102074
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiller, Laurie C., Sumanta Neupane, Neena Joshi, Mahendra Lohani, Keshav Sah, and Bhola Shrestha. 2022. "Dairy Animal Ownership and Household Milk Production Associated with Better Child and Family Diet in Rural Nepal during the COVID-19 Pandemic" Nutrients 14, no. 10: 2074. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102074
APA StyleMiller, L. C., Neupane, S., Joshi, N., Lohani, M., Sah, K., & Shrestha, B. (2022). Dairy Animal Ownership and Household Milk Production Associated with Better Child and Family Diet in Rural Nepal during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nutrients, 14(10), 2074. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102074