Assessment of Maternal Macular Pigment Optical Density (MPOD) as a Potential Marker for Dietary Carotenoid Intake during Lactation in Humans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Study Measurements
2.2.1. Macular Pigment Optical Density (MPOD) Measurement
2.2.2. Maternal Dietary Intake
2.2.3. Breastmilk
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cohort Description
3.2. Serial MPOD Measures
3.3. MPOD-Carotenoid Association
3.4. Material Diet-Breastmilk Association
3.5. MPOD-Breastmilk Association
4. Discussion
4.1. MPOD and α-Carotene Intake: Marker of Healthy Diet?
4.2. Lutein Isoforms
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Maternal Characteristics, median (inter-quartile range, IQR) | |
Age (years) | 33 (30–36) |
Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) | 27 (25–30) |
Time of MPOD measurements postpartum (days) | 30 (22–59) |
Time of FFQ collection postpartum (days) | 35 (23–60) |
Time of breastmilk sample collection (days) | 108 (99–119) |
Ethnicity, number (%) | |
Hispanic or Latino | 6 (7.5%) |
Not Hispanic or Latino | 65 (87.5%) |
Not reported | 4 (5.0%) |
Race, number (%) | |
White | 56 (70.0%) |
Black or African American | 11 (13.8%) |
Asian | 6 (7.5%) |
More than one race | 2 (2.5%) |
Not reported | 5 (6.2%) |
Highest Degree Earned, number (%) | |
High school diploma or equivalency (GED) | 7 (8.7%) |
Associate degree (junior college) | 7 (8.7%) |
Bachelor’s degree | 31 (38.7%) |
Master’s degree | 21 (26.3%) |
Doctorate professional | 11 (13.8%) |
Other | 3 (3.8%) |
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Al-Hassan, A.; Vyas, R.; Zhang, Y.; Sisitsky, M.; Gagoski, B.; Litt, J.S.; Larsen, R.J.; Kuchan, M.J.; Lasekan, J.B.; Sutton, B.P.; et al. Assessment of Maternal Macular Pigment Optical Density (MPOD) as a Potential Marker for Dietary Carotenoid Intake during Lactation in Humans. Nutrients 2022, 14, 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010182
Al-Hassan A, Vyas R, Zhang Y, Sisitsky M, Gagoski B, Litt JS, Larsen RJ, Kuchan MJ, Lasekan JB, Sutton BP, et al. Assessment of Maternal Macular Pigment Optical Density (MPOD) as a Potential Marker for Dietary Carotenoid Intake during Lactation in Humans. Nutrients. 2022; 14(1):182. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010182
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Hassan, Ateka, Rutvi Vyas, Yue Zhang, Michaela Sisitsky, Borjan Gagoski, Jonathan S. Litt, Ryan J. Larsen, Matthew J. Kuchan, John B. Lasekan, Brad P. Sutton, and et al. 2022. "Assessment of Maternal Macular Pigment Optical Density (MPOD) as a Potential Marker for Dietary Carotenoid Intake during Lactation in Humans" Nutrients 14, no. 1: 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010182