Association between the Nutritional Quality of Household At-Home Food Purchases and Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors in the United States, 2015
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Household Characteristics
3.2. HEI Scores by Income
3.3. HEI Scores by Health Condition/Behavior
4. Discussion
Contributions and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
CDC Disclaimer
USDA/IRI Disclaimer
References
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All Incomes | Household (HH) Income < = 130% Poverty Income Group (IG)1 | HH Income (130–185%] Poverty IG2 | HH Income > 185% Poverty IG3 | n | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of observations | 63,578 | 6944 | 4769 | 51,865 | |
Weighted% of households | 15.19 (14.79–15.59) | 8.81 (8.52–9.10) | 76.00 (75.54–76.45) | ||
Weighted mean (95% CI) | |||||
White | 76.78 (76.33–77.24) | 73.84 (72.43–75.26) | 77.90 (76.32–79.48) | 77.24 (76.75–77.73) | 51,544 |
Black | 11.81 (11.49–12.13) | 13.64 (12.59–14.68) | 11.90 (10.73–13.07) | 11.43 (11.09–11.78) | 6909 |
Asian | 4.30 (4.08–4.52) | 2.90 (2.30–3.49) | 2.66 (2.06–3.26) | 4.77 (4.51–5.02) | 2151 |
Other | 7.11 (6.78–7.43) | 9.62 (8.54–10.70) | 7.54 (6.39–8.69) | 6.55 (6.21–6.90) | 2974 |
Hispanic | 11.84 (11.41–12.27) | 13.82 (12.48–15.17) | 12.98 (11.45–14.51) | 11.31 (10.84–11.78) | 3988 |
Married household head | 61.77 (61.29–62.25) | 45.58 (44.11–47.05) | 53.74 (52.00–55.49) | 65.94 (65.43–66.45) | 41,314 |
Female household head only | 27.53 (27.10–2.80) | 41.82 (40.40–43.24) | 34.95 (33.28–36.62) | 23.82 (23.37–24.27) | 16,256 |
Household head’s age | 52.45 (52.27–52.63) | 49.52 (48.97–50.06) | 53.45 (52.72–54.18) | 52.92 (52.72–53.12) | |
Household size | 2.56 (2.55–2.58) | 2.82 (2.77–2.87) | 2.77 (2.71–2.82) | 2.49 (2.47–2.51) |
All Incomes | Household (HH) Income < = 130% Poverty Income Group (IG)1 | HH Income (130–185%] Poverty IG2 | HH Income > 185% Poverty IG3 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Households with a member with: | Weighted percentage (95% CI) | 33,179 | |||
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) | 14.13 (13.69–14.58) | 16.19 (14.73–17.64) | 16.04 (14.39–17.70) | 13.50 (13.02–13.97) | 5945 |
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) | 42.15 (41.45–42.85) | 39.97 (37.88–42.06) | 44.67 (42.15–47.19) | 42.30 (41.53–43.07) | 16,931 |
Obesity | 21.48 (20.87–22.08) | 26.90 (24.93–28.87) | 23.36 (21.27–25.44) | 20.17 (19.53–20.81) | 7409 |
Smokes cigarettes | 16.36 (15.82–16.89) | 27.02 (25.06–28.98) | 22.10 (20.00–24.20) | 13.55 (13.03–14.07) | 5587 |
T2D, CVD, and obesity | 4.47 (4.22–4.72) | 5.92 (5.08–6.75) | 5.53 (4.56–6.50) | 4.05 (3.79–4.32) | 1906 |
No T2D, CVD, or obesity | 46.60 (45.85–47.34) | 45.01 (42.75–47.27) | 43.28 (40.66–45.91) | 47.30 (46.49–48.12) | 12,939 |
Mean (Standard Deviation [Std. Dev.]) | Statistical Significance of Difference of Means between Income Groups p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measure (Max Score) | All Incomes | Household (HH) Income < = 130% Poverty Income Group (IG)1 | HH Income (130–185%] Poverty IG2 | HH Income > 185% Poverty IG3 | IG1 vs. IG2 | IG1 vs. IG3 | IG2 vs. IG3 |
HEI-2015 (100) | 51.86 (1.84) | 48.24 (1.10) | 49.56 (1.07) | 52.57 (1.13) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Total vegetables (5) | 2.07 (0.15) | 1.89 (0.15) | 1.98 (0.14) | 2.11 (0.13) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Greens and beans (5) | 1.71 (0.19) | 1.37 (0.12) | 1.50 (0.09) | 1.78 (0.14) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Total fruits (5) | 1.59 (0.16) | 1.27 (0.08) | 1.45 (0.10) | 1.65 (0.11) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Whole fruits (5) | 1.69 (0.21) | 1.27 (0.14) | 1.45 (0.12) | 1.76 (0.12) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Whole grains (10) | 3.42 (0.25) | 2.91 (0.20) | 3.14 (0.14) | 3.51 (0.14) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Total dairy (10) | 5.39 (0.72) | 5.15 (0.76) | 5.41 (0.72) | 5.42 (0.71) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.58 |
Total protein foods (5) | 3.09 (0.15) | 2.90 (0.12) | 3.00 (0.16) | 3.12 (0.14) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Seafood and plant proteins (5) | 3.62 (0.30) | 3.14 (0.26) | 3.33 (0.22) | 3.72 (0.23) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Fatty acid (10) | 4.85 (0.73) | 5.04 (0.84) | 4.88 (0.71) | 4.83 (0.72) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Sodium (10) | 5.86 (0.19) | 5.52 (0.18) | 5.58 (0.25) | 5.93 (0.14) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Refined grains (10) | 7.90 (0.43) | 7.76 (0.41) | 7.67 (0.49) | 7.94 (0.43) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Saturated fat (10) | 5.77 (0.63) | 6.04 (0.76) | 5.84 (0.65) | 5.73 (0.59) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Added sugar (10) | 4.89 (0.53) | 3.98 (0.40) | 4.34 (0.40) | 5.07 (0.38) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Measure (Max Score) | No Type 2 Diabetes | Type 2 Diabetes | % Difference | Difference between Groups p-Value | No CVD | CVD | % Difference | Difference between Groups p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HEI-2015 (100) | 52.41 (1.98) | 51.19 (1.89) | 2.38 | <0.001 | 52.94 (2.16) | 51.29 (1.92) | 3.22 | <0.001 |
Total vegetables (5) | 2.09 (0.15) | 2.12 (0.16) | −1.14 | <0.001 | 2.10 (0.15) | 2.09 (0.16) | 0.46 | <0.001 |
Greens and beans (5) | 1.76 (0.21) | 1.58 (0.17) | 11.10 | <0.001 | 1.80 (0.22) | 1.64 (0.18) | 9.39 | <0.001 |
Total fruits (5) | 1.62 (0.16) | 1.38 (0.21) | 17.40 | <0.001 | 1.64 (0.16) | 1.46 (0.24) | 12.24 | <0.001 |
Whole fruits (5) | 1.72 (0.24) | 1.57 (0.29) | 9.30 | <0.001 | 1.77 (0.24) | 1.55 (0.30) | 14.37 | <0.001 |
Whole grains (10) | 3.48 (0.25) | 3.12 (0.34) | 11.61 | <0.001 | 3.59 (0.26) | 3.18 (0.31) | 12.81 | <0.001 |
Total dairy (10) | 5.45 (0.66) | 5.24 (0.72) | 3.97 | <0.001 | 5.44 (0.67) | 5.29 (0.67) | 2.81 | <0.001 |
Total protein foods (5) | 3.10 (0.16) | 3.22 (0.17) | −3.77 | <0.001 | 3.14 (0.17) | 3.09 (0.16) | 1.63 | <0.001 |
Seafood and plant proteins (5) | 3.70 (0.30) | 3.68 (0.32) | 0.42 | <0.001 | 3.76 (0.32) | 3.62 (0.31) | 3.80 | 0.03 |
Fatty acid (10) | 4.79 (0.68) | 5.11 (0.81) | −6.27 | <0.001 | 4.81 (0.69) | 4.94 (0.72) | −2.66 | <0.001 |
Sodium (10) | 5.99 (0.18) | 5.34 (0.33) | 12.04 | <0.001 | 6.04 (0.25) | 5.76 (0.16) | 4.87 | <0.001 |
Refined grains (10) | 8.00 (0.42) | 8.03 (0.30) | −0.45 | <0.001 | 8.03 (0.45) | 8.07 (0.31) | −0.40 | <0.001 |
Saturated fat (10) | 5.77 (0.57) | 5.48 (0.76) | 5.31 | <0.001 | 5.81 (0.55) | 5.70 (0.67) | 1.93 | <0.001 |
Added sugar (10) | 4.94 (0.53) | 5.30 (0.57) | −6.85 | <0.001 | 5.03 (0.52) | 4.91 (0.58) | 2.35 | 0.01 |
Measure (Max Score) | No Obesity | HH with Member (S) with Obesity | % Difference | Difference between Groups p-Value | HH with None of the Conditions | HH with Three Conditions | % Difference | Difference between Groups p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HEI-2015 (100) | 52.56 (1.97) | 50.86 (1.83) | 3.34 | <0.001 | 53.29 (2.20) | 50.23 (2.07) | 6.10 | <0.001 |
Total vegetables (5) | 2.10 (0.15) | 2.08 (0.14) | 1.00 | <0.001 | 2.09 (0.15) | 2.04 (0.16) | 2.34 | 0.02 |
Greens and beans (5) | 1.76 (0.21) | 1.64 (0.18) | 7.11 | <0.001 | 1.81 (0.22) | 1.46 (0.17) | 24.20 | <0.001 |
Total fruits (5) | 1.63 (0.17) | 1.43 (0.14) | 14.13 | <0.001 | 1.69 (0.18) | 1.32 (0.22) | 28.05 | <0.001 |
Whole fruits (5) | 1.73 (0.24) | 1.58 (0.22) | 9.67 | <0.001 | 1.80 (0.24) | 1.52 (0.26) | 18.90 | <0.001 |
Whole grains (10) | 3.50 (0.25) | 3.14 (0.27) | 11.48 | <0.001 | 3.67 (0.25) | 2.97 (0.40) | 23.29 | <0.001 |
Total dairy (10) | 5.41 (0.68) | 5.41 (0.68) | −0.03 | 0.003 | 5.42 (0.67) | 5.30 (0.70) | 2.34 | <0.001 |
Total protein foods (5) | 3.10 (0.16) | 3.18 (0.16) | −2.43 | <0.001 | 3.12 (0.17) | 3.14 (0.22) | −0.84 | <0.001 |
Seafood and plant proteins (5) | 3.70 (0.30) | 3.68 (0.30) | 0.47 | <0.001 | 3.76 (0.31) | 3.58 (0.32) | 4.99 | <0.001 |
Fatty acid (10) | 4.89 (0.70) | 4.66 (0.75) | 4.86 | <0.001 | 4.87 (0.70) | 4.89 (0.83) | −0.37 | <0.001 |
Sodium (10) | 5.95 (0.16) | 5.63 (0.30) | 5.72 | <0.001 | 6.11 (0.25) | 5.33 (0.44) | 14.64 | <0.001 |
Refined grains (10) | 7.97 (0.40) | 8.09 (0.40) | −1.43 | <0.001 | 8.01 (0.47) | 8.12 (0.37) | −1.40 | <0.001 |
Saturated fat (10) | 5.79 (0.59) | 5.41 (0.67) | 7.18 | <0.001 | 5.92 (0.53) | 5.39 (0.87) | 9.79 | <0.001 |
Added sugar (10) | 5.02 (0.55) | 4.94 (0.51) | 1.77 | <0.001 | 5.02 (0.52) | 5.16 (0.57) | −2.67 | <0.001 |
Measure (Max Score) | No Smoker in HH | HH with Smoker(s) | % Difference | Difference between Groups p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
HEI-2015 (100) | 52.95 (1.83) | 47.91 (1.34) | 10.52 | <0.001 |
Total vegetables (5) | 2.11 (0.16) | 2.01 (0.13) | 5.25 | <0.001 |
Greens and beans (5) | 1.79 (0.19) | 1.42 (0.15) | 26.24 | <0.001 |
Total fruits (5) | 1.67 (0.15) | 1.09 (0.14) | 53.42 | <0.001 |
Whole fruits (5) | 1.80 (0.23) | 1.13 (0.17) | 59.56 | <0.001 |
Whole grains (10) | 3.59 (0.24) | 2.51 (0.14) | 43.32 | <0.001 |
Total dairy (10) | 5.47 (0.68) | 5.12 (0.68) | 6.81 | <0.001 |
Total protein foods (5) | 3.15 (0.16) | 2.95 (0.16) | 6.59 | <0.001 |
Seafood and plant proteins (5) | 3.76 (0.28) | 3.35 (0.32) | 12.10 | <0.001 |
Fatty acid (10) | 4.85 (0.70) | 4.78 (0.79) | 1.46 | <0.001 |
Sodium (10) | 5.91 (0.18) | 5.69 (0.29) | 3.88 | <0.001 |
Refined grains (10) | 7.98 (0.41) | 8.08 (0.40) | −1.19 | 0.002 |
Saturated fat (10) | 5.74 (0.59) | 5.51 (0.73) | 4.14 | <0.001 |
Added sugar (10) | 5.14 (0.51) | 4.29 (0.50) | 19.88 | <0.001 |
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Ghazaryan, A.; Carlson, A.; Rhone, A.Y.; Roy, K. Association between the Nutritional Quality of Household At-Home Food Purchases and Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors in the United States, 2015. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3260. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093260
Ghazaryan A, Carlson A, Rhone AY, Roy K. Association between the Nutritional Quality of Household At-Home Food Purchases and Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors in the United States, 2015. Nutrients. 2021; 13(9):3260. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093260
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhazaryan, Armen, Andrea Carlson, Alana Y. Rhone, and Kakoli Roy. 2021. "Association between the Nutritional Quality of Household At-Home Food Purchases and Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors in the United States, 2015" Nutrients 13, no. 9: 3260. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093260