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Nutrients
Volume 13
Issue 7
10.3390/nu13072288
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Article

Correlation between Levels of Vitamins D3 and E in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-Control Study in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

by
Nurliyana Najwa Md Razip
1,
Banulata Gopalsamy
1,
Mohd Sokhini Abdul Mutalib
2,
Sui Kiat Chang
3,
Muhammad Mikhail Joseph Anthony Abdullah
4,
Azrina Azlan
2,
Zulida Rejali
5 and
Huzwah Khaza’ai
1,*
1
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
3
Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
4
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
5
Department of Obstetric and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2288; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072288
Submission received: 21 May 2021 / Revised: 28 June 2021 / Accepted: 29 June 2021 / Published: 1 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin D in Insulin Resistance)
Versions Notes

Abstract

An overview of vitamins D3 and E suggests micronutrient deficiency contributes to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A case-control study was conducted to determine the status of plasma vitamins D3 and E isomers amongst diabetic Malaysians. Two groups were recruited for participation, one comprising fifty diabetic subjects (DM) and one comprising fifty non-diabetic (non-DM) subjects, in order to assess their plasma vitamin D3, calcium and vitamin E status. Glycaemic status (haemoglobin A1c, HbA1c; fasting blood glucose, FBG; C-Peptide) and lipid profiles (total cholesterol, TC; triglycerides, TG; low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C; high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL-C) were assessed, followed by anthropometric measurements. The Mann–Whitney U-test, Kruskal–Wallis and Spearman’s correlation coefficient were used to elucidate the association between levels of plasma vitamins D3 and E and T2DM. The vitamin D3 deficiency group (<20 ng/mL) showed a significant correlation (p < 0.05) with glycaemic status (HbA1c and FBG) and lipid profiles (HDL-C, LDL and TC). Spearman’s correlation demonstrated that vitamin D3 status is strongly correlated with HDL levels (p < 0.05). Similarly, plasma total vitamin E levels >4.9 μg/mL revealed significantly different FBG, HbA1c, C-Peptide, LDL, HDL and TC levels across both groups. Moreover, family history, smoking, waist circumference and HbA1c levels demonstrated a significant association (p < 0.05) with levels of vitamins D and E but not FBG and lipid profiles. This could be because the pre-diabetic status among the non-DM group influenced the outcomes of this study.
Keywords: diabetes mellitus; glycaemic status; insulin; lipid profiles; vitamin D3; vitamin E diabetes mellitus; glycaemic status; insulin; lipid profiles; vitamin D3; vitamin E

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MDPI and ACS Style

Razip, N.N.M.; Gopalsamy, B.; Abdul Mutalib, M.S.; Chang, S.K.; Abdullah, M.M.J.A.; Azlan, A.; Rejali, Z.; Khaza’ai, H. Correlation between Levels of Vitamins D3 and E in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-Control Study in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2288. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072288

AMA Style

Razip NNM, Gopalsamy B, Abdul Mutalib MS, Chang SK, Abdullah MMJA, Azlan A, Rejali Z, Khaza’ai H. Correlation between Levels of Vitamins D3 and E in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-Control Study in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Nutrients. 2021; 13(7):2288. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072288

Chicago/Turabian Style

Razip, Nurliyana Najwa Md, Banulata Gopalsamy, Mohd Sokhini Abdul Mutalib, Sui Kiat Chang, Muhammad Mikhail Joseph Anthony Abdullah, Azrina Azlan, Zulida Rejali, and Huzwah Khaza’ai. 2021. "Correlation between Levels of Vitamins D3 and E in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-Control Study in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia" Nutrients 13, no. 7: 2288. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072288

APA Style

Razip, N. N. M., Gopalsamy, B., Abdul Mutalib, M. S., Chang, S. K., Abdullah, M. M. J. A., Azlan, A., Rejali, Z., & Khaza’ai, H. (2021). Correlation between Levels of Vitamins D3 and E in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-Control Study in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Nutrients, 13(7), 2288. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072288

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