Dietary Changes among Adults in The Netherlands in the Period 2007–2010 and 2012–2016. Results from Two Cross-Sectional National Food Consumption Surveys
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | 2007–2010 | 2012–2016 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | Weighted % | n | Weighted % | |
Total | 2106 | 1540 | ||
Men | 1055 | 50.2 | 770 | 50.0 |
Women | 1051 | 49.8 | 770 | 50.0 |
Educational level | ||||
Low 1 | 708 | 32.1 | 323 | 25.6 |
Middle 2 | 935 | 43.6 | 655 | 43.4 |
High 3 | 463 | 24.3 | 562 | 31.0 |
Age | ||||
19–30 years | 703 | 21.5 | 516 | 22.4 |
31–50 years | 699 | 44.7 | 523 | 40.7 |
51–69 years | 704 | 33.9 | 501 | 36.9 |
BMI classes | ||||
Normal and underweight 4 | 1010 | 45.6 | 714 | 42.8 |
Overweight/obese 5 | 1095 | 54.4 | 826 | 57.2 |
Current smoker | ||||
Yes | 544 | 24.2 | 362 | 23.9 |
No | 1521 | 75.8 | 1167 | 75.7 |
Alcohol use | ||||
Yes | 1456 | 69.5 | 1155 | 73.6 |
No | 649 | 30.5 | 385 | 26.4 |
Meeting guideline for physical activity | ||||
No | 1577 | 74.6 | 1155 | 76.6 |
Yes 6 | 529 | 24.4 | 353 | 23.4 |
Dietary supplement use | ||||
Yes | 916 | 44.6 | 663 | 43.1 |
No | 1189 | 55.4 | 877 | 56.9 |
Food Group | Total | Men | Women | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2007–2010 | 2012–2016 | 2007–2010 | 2012–2016 | 2007–2010 | 2012–2016 | |
n = 2106 | n = 1540 | n = 1055 | n = 1051 | n = 770 | n = 770 | |
Vegetables | 137 (134–139) | 140 (136–144) | 138 (134–142) | 142 (136–148) | 135 (131–139) | 138 (133–142) |
Fruit | 102 (98–106) | 106 (102–110) | 90 (85–96) | 96 (90–102) | 114 (109–119) | 116 (110–122) |
Red or processed meat | 93 (91–95) | 80 (77–82) 1 | 112 (109–116) | 97 (93–101) 1 | 74 (71–77) | 63 (59–66) 1 |
Dairy | 372 (369–375) | 333 (330–335) 1 | 412 (408–416) | 364 (361–367) 1 | 332 (329–336) | 301 (298–304) 1 |
Fish | 17 (16–18) | 17 (16–19) | 19 (17–20) | 18 (16–21) | 15 (14–17) | 16 (14–18) |
Sugar-containing beverages | 328 (317–340) | 307 (294–321) | 376 (357–395) | 372 (351–392) | 281 (268–294) | 243 (228–259) 1 |
Tea | 230 (219–241) | 245 (231–260) | 164 (151–177) | 165 (148–183) | 296 (278–314) | 325 (302–348) |
Cereals and cereal products | 208 (207–209) | 203 (202–205) 1 | 234 (232–236) | 237 (235–239) | 182 (181–183) | 170 (169–171) 1 |
Whole-grain products | 101 (99–103) | 93 (90–95) 1 | 114 (110–118) | 106 (102–110) | 88 (86–91) | 79 (76–82) 1 |
Whole-grain products. Cereals and cereal products (%) | 49 (48–49) | 46 (45–46) 1 | 49 (47–50) | 45 (43–46) 1 | 49 (48–50) | 46 (45–48) |
Fats | 28 (28–28) | 23 (23–23) 1 | 33 (33–33) | 27 (27–27) 1 | 23 (22–23) | 18 (18–18) 1 |
Soft margarines, liquid cooking fats, and vegetable oils | 21 (21–22) | 18 (17–18) 1 | 26 (25–26) | 22 (21–23) 1 | 17 (17–18) | 14 (13–15) 1 |
Soft fats **/total fats (%) | 77 (76–79) | 79 (78–81) | 78 (77–80) | 80 (78–82) | 76 (74–78) | 77 (75–79) |
Food Group | 19–30 Years | 31–50 Years | 51–69 Years | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2007–2010 | 2012–2016 | 2007–2010 | 2012–2016 | 2007–2010 | 2012–2016 | |
n = 703 | n = 516 | n = 699 | n = 523 | n = 704 | n = 501 | |
Vegetables | 117 (113–120) | 121 (118–125) | 135 (132–139) | 139 (134–144) | 151 (146–156) | 152 (147–157) |
Fruit | 80 (76–84) | 92 (87–98) 1 | 97 (92–102) | 100 (95–106) | 123 (117–129) | 121 (115–127) |
Red or processed meat | 90 (87–94) | 76 (73–79) 1 | 92 (89–95) | 81 (78–85) 1 | 96 (92–99) | 80 (77–83) 1 |
Dairy | 376 (372–381) | 327 (323–331) 1 | 372 (368–376) | 330 (327–333) 1 | 370 (366–374) | 339 (336–341) 1 |
Fish | 13 (11–14) | 13 (11–15) | 17 (15–18) | 17 (14–19) | 20 (17–22) | 21 (18–23) |
Sugar-containing beverages | 545 (527–563) | 491 (471–511) 1 | 330 (313–346) | 313 (295–330) | 189 (178–200) | 190 (178–203) |
Tea | 184 (170–198) | 194 (178–209) | 231 (214–247) | 268 (246–289) | 259 (243–276) | 252 (232–273) |
Cereals and cereal products | 230 (227–232) | 218 (214–221) 1 | 215 (213–217) | 212 (209–215) | 185 (184–187) | 185 (183–188) |
Whole-grain products | 92 (89–95) | 85 (81–89) | 103 (100–106) | 95 (91–99) 1 | 105 (101–108) | 95 (91–98) 1 |
Whole-grain products/Cereals and cereal products (%) | 40 (39–41) | 39 (38–40) | 48 (47–49) | 45 (44–46) 1 | 56 (55–58) | 51 (50–52) 1 |
Fats | 26 (25–26) | 20 (20–21) 1 | 28 (27–28) | 23 (22–23) 1 | 29 (29–29) | 24 (24–25) 1 |
Soft margarines, liquid cooking fats, and vegetable oils | 20 (19–20) | 17 (17–18) 1 | 21 (21–22) | 18 (17–19) 1 | 23 (22–23) | 18 (18–19) 1 |
Soft fats **/total fats (%) | 76 (75–77) | 84 (83–85) 1 | 77 (76–79) | 81 (79–82) | 78 (77–80) | 75 (74–76) 1 |
Food Group | Low | Middle | High | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2007–2010 | 2012–2016 | 2007–2010 | 2012–2016 | 2007–2010 | 2012–2016 | |
n = 708 | n = 323 | n = 935 | n =655 | n =463 | n =526 | |
Vegetables | 126 (121–131) | 124 (117–130) | 131 (126–135) | 128 (124–133) | 144 (137–150) | 167 (160–175) 1 |
Fruit | 95 (89–101) | 96 (87–104) | 102 (97–108) | 98 (92–104) | 118 (110–126) | 133 (126–141) |
Red or processed meat | 98 (94–102) | 86 (81–92) 1 | 93 (90–96) | 89 (85–93) | 82 (78–86) | 72 (67–76) 1 |
Dairy | 361 (356–366) | 339 (333–345) 1 | 370 (367–374) | 344 (340–348) 1 | 381 (377–386) | 316 (313–320) 1 |
Fish | 14 (12–17) | 19 (15–23) | 16 (14–18) | 15 (13–17) | 21 (18–24) | 21 (18–24) |
Sugar-containing beverages | 332 (310–353) | 320 (287–354) | 357 (339–375) | 354 (333–374) | 280 (259–301) | 258 (239–276) |
Tea | 206 (188–224) | 212 (182–242) | 235 (218–252) | 217 (196–238) | 264 (236–292) | 312 (280–344) |
Cereals and cereal products | 196 (193–199) | 190 (187–193) 1 | 216 (215–218) | 202 (200–204) 1 | 210 (207–213) | 213 (211–216) |
Whole-grain products | 92 (88–97) | 82 (75–88) | 105 (101–109) | 88 (84–93) 1 | 105 (100–110) | 102 (98–107) |
Whole-grain products/Cereals and cereal products (%) | 47 (46–49) | 43 (40–46) | 49 (47–50) | 44 (42–45) 1 | 50 (49–52) | 48 (46–49) |
Fats | 29 (28–29) | 23 (22–23) 1 | 28 (28–29) | 22 (22–23) 1 | 25 (25–25) | 22 (22–23) 1 |
Soft margarines, liquid cooking fats and vegetable oils | 21 (21–22) | 17 (16–18) 1 | 21 (20–22) | 18 (17–18) 1 | 19 (19–20) | 17 (16–18) 1 |
Soft fats**/total fats (%) | 75 (73–78) | 77 (73–80) | 75 (73–77) | 79 (78–81) 1 | 77 (74–80) | 77 (74–80) |
Nutrient | Total | Men | Women | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2007–2010 | 2012–2016 | 2007–2010 | 2012–2016 | 2007–2010 | 2012–2016 | |
n = 2106 | n =1540 | n = 1055 | n = 1051 | n = 770 | n = 770 | |
Energy (MJ) | 9.5 (9.5–9.6) | 9.4 (9.3–9.4) 1 | 10.9 (10.9–11) | 10.9 (10.9–11.0) | 8.2 (8.1–8.2) | 7.8 (7.8–7.9) 1 |
Vegetable protein (g) | 31.7 (31.6–31.8) | 32.1 (31.9–32.3) 1 | 35.8 (35.6–36.0) | 36.9 (36.7–37.0) 1 | 27.7 (27.6–27.8) | 27.3 (27.2–27.4) 1 |
Animal protein (g) | 53.9(53.8–54.2) | 51.0 (50.8–51.3) 1 | 61.5 (61.2–61.8) | 58.1 (57.8–58.5) 1 | 46.5 (46.3–46.7) | 43.9 (43.7–44.2) 1 |
Mono- and disaccharide (en%) | 20.1 (20.0–20.1) | 19.4 (19.3–19.5) 1 | 18.9 (18.8–19.0) | 18.3 (18.2–18.4) 1 | 21.2 (21.1–21.3) | 20.5 (20.4–20.5) 1 |
Fiber (g/MJ) | 2.25 (2.25–2.26) | 2.31 (2.30–2.31) 1 | 2.13 (2.12–2.13) | 2.20 (2.19–2.20) 1 | 2.38 (2.37–2.39) | 2.42 (2.41–2.43) 1 |
Unsaturated fatty acids (en%) | 18.4 (18.3–18.4) | 19.4 (19.4–19.5) 1 | 18.8 (18.7–18.8) | 19.8 (19.7–19.8) 1 | 18.0 (17.9–18.0) | 19.1 (19.1–19.2) 1 |
n–3 fish fatty acids (EPA and DHA) (mg) | 132 (125–140) | 162 (152–171) 1 | 137 (127–146) | 176 (162–189) 1 | 128 (117–139) | 148 (137–160) |
Sodium ** (mg) | 2745 (2734–2755) | 2582 (2570–2595) 1 | 3124 (3107–3142) | 2972 (2957–2986) 1 | 2367 (2358–2375) | 2193 (2182–2203) 1 |
Calcium (mg) | 1062 (1059–1066) | 1007 (1003–1011) 1 | 1146 (1141–1150) | 1081 (1076–1086) 1 | 979 (974–983) | 933 (928–938) 1 |
Vitamin D (µg) | 3.5 (3.5–3.6) | 3.1 (3.1–3.2) 1 | 4.0 (4.0–4.1) | 3.6 (3.5–3.6) 1 | 3.1 (3.0–3.1) | 2.7 (2.6–2.7) 1 |
Alcohol (g) | 14.0 (13.3–14.8) | 10.7 (10.0–11.4) 1 | 19.5 (18.2–20.9) | 15.7 (14.5–16.9) 1 | 8.6 (7.7–9.5) | 5.6 (4.9–6.3) 1 |
Nutrient | 19–30 Years | 31–50 Years | 51–69 Years | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2007–2010 | 2012–2016 | 2007–2010 | 2012–2016 | 2007–2010 | 2012–2016 | |
n = 703 | n = 516 | n = 699 | n = 523 | n = 704 | n = 501 | |
Energy (MJ) | 10.1 (10.0–10.2) | 9.6 (9.4–9.7) 1 | 9.7 (9.6–9.8) | 9.7 (9.5–9.8) | 8.9 (8.9–9.0) | 9.0 (8.9–9.1) |
Vegetable protein (g) | 32.9 (32.5–33.2) | 32.6 (32.2–33.1) | 32.6 (32.4–32.9) | 33.2 (32.8–33.6) | 29.8 (29.5–30.0) | 30.6 (30.2–30.9) 1 |
Animal protein (g) | 50.8 (50.2–51.4) | 47.6 (46.9–48.3) 1 | 53.9 (53.5–54.4) | 51.9 (51.4–52.5) 1 | 56.0 (55.5–56.5) | 52.1 (51.6–52.6) 1 |
Mono- and disaccharides (en%) | 22.3 (22.2–22.4) | 21.5 (21.4–21.7) 1 | 19.9 (19.8–20.0) | 18.9 (18.8–19.0) 1 | 18.9 (18.8–18.9) | 18.6 (18.5–18.7) 1 |
Fiber (g/MJ) | 2.12 (2.11–2.13) | 2.20 (2.19–2.21) 1 | 2.24 (2.23–2.25) | 2.29 (2.28–2.30) 1 | 2.36 (2.35–2.37) | 2.39 (2.38–2.40) 1 |
Unsaturated fatty acids (en%) | 18.4 (18.3–18.4) | 19.4 (19.3–19.4) 1 | 18.5 (18.5–18.5) | 19.7 (19.6–19.7) 1 | 18.2 (18.1–18.2) | 19.2 (19.2–19.3) 1 |
n-3 fish fatty acids (EPA and DHA) (mg) | 110 (103–116) | 136 (128–144) 1 | 129 (122–136) | 165 (156–175) 1 | 151 (143–159) | 174 (164–184) 1 |
Sodium ** (mg) | 2872 (2837–2907) | 2598 (2561–2635) 1 | 2821 (2798–2844) | 2676 (2647–2706) 1 | 2562 (2541–2583) | 2469 (2442–2495) 1 |
Calcium (mg) | 1028 (1018–1037) | 942 (932–952) 1 | 1068 (1062–1075) | 1023 (1016–1029) 1 | 1076 (1071–1081) | 1029 (1023–1034) 1 |
Vitamin D (µg) | 3.2 (3.1–3.2) | 2.8 (2.8–2.9) 1 | 3.5 (3.5–3.6) | 3.1 (3.1–3.2) 1 | 3.8 (3.8–3.9) | 3.4 (3.3–3.4) 1 |
Alcohol (g) | 9.1 (8.0–10.1) | 8.5 (7.3–9.7) | 13.1 (11.9–14.3) | 9.9 (8.9–11) 1 | 18.4 (17.1–19.8) | 12.9 (11.7–14.2) 1 |
Nutrient | Low | Middle | High | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2007–2010 | 2012–2016 | 2007–2010 | 2012–2016 | 2007–2010 | 2012–2016 | |
n = 708 | n = 323 | n = 935 | n =655 | n =463 | n =526 | |
Energy (MJ) | 9.4 (9.4–9.5) | 9.1 (9.0–9.2) 1 | 9.7 (9.7–9.8) | 9.4 (9.3–9.5) 1 | 9.3 (9.3–9.4) | 9.5 (9.4–9.6) 1 |
Vegetable protein (g) | 30.4 (30.2–30.6) | 30.1 (29.8–30.4) | 32.3 (32.1–32.4) | 31.8 (31.6–32.0) 1 | 32.2 (31.9–32.5) | 34.0 (33.7–34.3) 1 |
Animal protein (g) | 54.2 (53.8–54.6) | 53.0 (52.6–53.5) 1 | 54.1 (53.7–54.4) | 51.8 (51.3–52.3) 1 | 52.1 (51.8–52.5) | 50.5 (50.1–50.9) 1 |
Mono- and disaccharides (en%) | 20.0 (19.9–20.2) | 19.6 (19.4–19.8) 1 | 20.4 (20.3–20.5) | 20.0 (19.9–20.1) 1 | 20.1 (20.0–20.2) | 18.6 (18.4–18.7) 1 |
Fiber (g/MJ) | 2.20 (2.19–2.22) | 2.22 (2.20–2.23) | 2.22 (2.22–2.23) | 2.25 (2.24–2.26) 1 | 2.37 (2.36–2.38) | 2.42 (2.41–2.43) 1 |
Unsaturated fatty acids (en%) | 18.5 (18.5–18.5) | 19.4 (19.3–19.4) 1 | 18.3 (18.3–18.3) | 19.2 (19.2–19.3) 1 | 17.9 (17.8–17.9) | 19.5 (19.4–19.5) 1 |
n–3 fish fatty acids (EPA and DHA) (mg) | 132 (117–146) | 156 (129–183) | 129 (118–141) | 142 (131–153) | 170 (151–189) | 187 (171–203) |
Sodium ** (mg) | 2703 (2683–2723) | 2545 (2523–2566) 1 | 2813 (2797–2828) | 2596 (2576–2616) 1 | 2661 (2639–2683) | 2558 (2535–2581) 1 |
Calcium (mg) | 1032 (1024–1039) | 968 (960–976) 1 | 1067 (1061–1072) | 1013 (1006–1021) 1 | 1101 (1094–1108) | 1030 (1025–1035) 1 |
Vitamin D (µg) | 3.7 (3.6–3.7) | 3.2 (3.1–3.3) 1 | 3.6 (3.6–3.7) | 3.1 (3.1–3.2) 1 | 3.3 (3.2–3.4) | 3.0 (3.0–3.1) 1 |
Alcohol (g) | 12.8 (11.4–14.2) | 8.8 (7.1–10.4) 1 | 14.5 (13.3–15.7) | 10.9 (9.8–12) 1 | 16.0 (14.4–17.5) | 12.3 (11.0–13.6) 1 |
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Dinnissen, C.S.; Ocké, M.C.; Buurma-Rethans, E.J.M.; van Rossum, C.T.M. Dietary Changes among Adults in The Netherlands in the Period 2007–2010 and 2012–2016. Results from Two Cross-Sectional National Food Consumption Surveys. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1520. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051520
Dinnissen CS, Ocké MC, Buurma-Rethans EJM, van Rossum CTM. Dietary Changes among Adults in The Netherlands in the Period 2007–2010 and 2012–2016. Results from Two Cross-Sectional National Food Consumption Surveys. Nutrients. 2021; 13(5):1520. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051520
Chicago/Turabian StyleDinnissen, Ceciel S., Marga C. Ocké, Elly J. M. Buurma-Rethans, and Caroline T. M. van Rossum. 2021. "Dietary Changes among Adults in The Netherlands in the Period 2007–2010 and 2012–2016. Results from Two Cross-Sectional National Food Consumption Surveys" Nutrients 13, no. 5: 1520. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051520