Diets within Environmental Limits: The Climate Impact of Current and Recommended Australian Diets
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Dietary Intake Data
2.2. Diet Quality Assessment
2.3. Climate Impact Assessment
2.4. Dietary Pattern Modelling
2.5. Correlation Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Climate Impact and Energy Intake
3.2. Contribution Analysis
3.3. Dietary Patten Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Diets and the Climate Change Planetary Boundary
4.2. Choice of Climate Metric
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food | Male | Female | Total |
---|---|---|---|
Fruit | 3.2 | 4.3 | 3.7 |
Vegetables | 3.8 | 5.4 | 4.5 |
Breads and cereals | 8.0 | 8.5 | 8.2 |
Fresh meat and alternatives | 35.8 | 35.5 | 35.7 |
Seafood | (3.5) | (4.0) | (3.7) |
Beef and lamb | (24.0) | (23.4) | (23.8) |
Poultry | (5.5) | (5.4) | (5.4) |
Pork | (1.5) | (1.3) | (1.4) |
Vegetarian alternatives | (1.3) | (1.4) | (1.3) |
Other livestock products | (<0.1) | (<0.1) | (<0.1) |
Dairy and alternatives | 11.7 | 13.4 | 12.4 |
Beverages | 1.9 | 2.6 | 2.2 |
Discretionary choices | 34.1 | 29.2 | 32.0 |
Sugar sweetened beverages | (1.5) | (1.2) | (1.4) |
Biscuits, cakes, waffles | (1.3) | (1.6) | (1.4) |
Pastries and pies | (3.2) | (2.9) | (3.1) |
Processed meat products | (17.6) | (13.5) | (15.9) |
Dairy desserts, cream, butter | (2.6) | (2.5) | (2.6) |
Fried potato and extruded snacks | (0.7) | (0.7) | (0.7) |
Muesli bars, confectionary, chocolate | (1.4) | (1.8) | (1.6) |
Alcoholic beverages | (4.9) | (3.8) | (4.4) |
Other | (0.8) | (1.1) | (0.9) |
Healthy fats and oils | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Miscellaneous foods | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.0 |
Food Group | Current Diet (n = 5157) | Higher Diet Quality/Lower Climate Footprint Subgroup (n = 1068) | Recommended Diet: Average Climate Footprint Intensity Foods | Recommended Diet: Lower Climate Footprint Intensity Foods | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Servings | Climate Footprint | Servings | Climate Footprint | Servings | Climate Footprint | Servings | Climate Footprint | |
Fruit | 1.38 | 0.12 | 1.90 | 0.15 | 2.0 | 0.18 | 2.0 | 0.16 |
Vegetables | 2.47 | 0.15 | 3.71 | 0.18 | 5.5 | 0.34 | 5.5 | 0.27 |
Breads and cereals | 4.57 | 0.30 | 5.73 | 0.16 | 6.0 | 0.40 | 6.0 | 0.17 |
Fresh meat and alternatives | 2.32 | 1.23 | 2.54 | 0.34 | 2.8 | 1.48 | 2.8 | 0.38 |
Seafood | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.28 | 0.10 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.31 | 0.11 |
Beef and lamb | 0.66 | 0.82 | 0.37 | −0.10 | 0.79 | 0.98 | 0.41 | −0.11 |
Poultry | 0.74 | 0.21 | 0.87 | 0.24 | 0.90 | 0.25 | 0.96 | 0.26 |
Pork | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.23 | 0.06 |
Vegetarian alternatives | 0.51 | 0.04 | 0.81 | 0.06 | 0.61 | 0.05 | 0.89 | 0.06 |
Dairy and alternatives | 1.46 | 0.45 | 1.29 | 0.37 | 2.5 | 0.77 | 2.5 | 0.72 |
Discretionary choices | 7.42 | 1.15 | 2.44 | 0.25 | 2.8 | 0.43 | 2.8 | 0.29 |
Miscellaneous foods | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.08 | ||||
Total | 3.53 | 1.54 | 3.73 | 2.07 |
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Ridoutt, B.; Baird, D.; Hendrie, G.A. Diets within Environmental Limits: The Climate Impact of Current and Recommended Australian Diets. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041122
Ridoutt B, Baird D, Hendrie GA. Diets within Environmental Limits: The Climate Impact of Current and Recommended Australian Diets. Nutrients. 2021; 13(4):1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041122
Chicago/Turabian StyleRidoutt, Bradley, Danielle Baird, and Gilly A. Hendrie. 2021. "Diets within Environmental Limits: The Climate Impact of Current and Recommended Australian Diets" Nutrients 13, no. 4: 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041122