The Effect of Dietary Supplementation on Aggressive Behaviour in Australian Adult Male Prisoners: A Feasibility and Pilot Study for a Randomised, Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Access to Correctional Centre and Study Design
2.2. Recruitment of Study Participants
2.3. Blood Collection and Analysis
2.4. Dietary Supplements, Compliance, and Potential Confounders
2.5. Outcome Measures
2.6. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Recruitment and Retention
3.2. Blood Collection and the Omega-3 Index
3.3. Compliance to Treatment and the Omega-3 Index
3.4. Collection of Outcome Measures
3.5. Changes in Aggression
3.6. Power Calculation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AQ | Aggression Questionnaire |
BADDS | Brown Attention Deficient Disorder Scale |
CSNSW | Correctional Services New South Wales |
DHA | Docosahexaenoic acid |
EPA | Eicosapentaenoic acid |
IBOS | Inmate Behavioural Observational Scale |
ICC | Intra-cluster correlation |
IRM | Institutional records of misconduct |
ISSFAL | International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids |
n-3 LCPUFA | Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids |
SCCC | South Coast Correctional Centre |
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Fatty Acid | Placebo mol% | Omega-3 mol% |
---|---|---|
SFA | ||
14:0 myristic acid | 0.1 | 3.0 |
16:0 palmitic acid | 5.7 | 20.4 |
18:0 stearic acid | 2.7 | 5.9 |
MUFA | ||
16:1 palmitoleic acid | 0.1 | 5.4 |
18:1n-9 oleic acid | 81.5 | 13.0 |
18:1n-7 vaccenic acid | 0.0 | 2.3 |
PUFA n-6 | ||
18:2n-6 linoleic acid | 7.7 | 1.3 |
20:4n-6 arachidonic acid | 0.0 | 1.8 |
22:5n-6 n-6 docosapentaenoic acid | 0.0 | 2.0 |
PUFA n-3 | ||
18:3n-3 alpha-linolenic acid | 0.3 | 0.5 |
20:5n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid | 0.0 | 5.1 |
22:5n-3 n-3 docosapentaenoic acid | 0.0 | 1.0 |
22:6n-3 docosahexaenoic acid | 0.0 | 26.9 |
Other fatty acids | 1.6 | 2.7 |
∑ SFA | 9.5 | 32.3 |
∑ MUFA | 82.0 | 23.1 |
∑ PUFA | 8.0 | 40.5 |
∑ n-6 PUFA | 7.7 | 6.0 |
∑ n-3 PUFA | 0.3 | 34.5 |
Ingredient | Amount |
---|---|
Vitamins | |
Vitamin A | 750 IU |
Vitamin B1 | 50 mg |
Vitamin B2 | 20 mg |
Vitamin B3 | 10 mg |
Vitamin B3 | 200 mg |
Vitamin B5 | 100 mg |
Vitamin B6 | 50 mg |
Vitamin B7/Vitamin H | 20 mcg |
Vitamin B9 | 150 mcg |
Vitamin B12 | 100 mcg |
Vitamin C | 50 mg |
Vitamin D3 | 100 IU |
Vitamin E | 25 IU |
Minerals | |
Calcium | 10 mg |
Cobalt | 25 mcg |
Copper | 6 mcg |
Lithium | 140 mcg |
Magnesium | 7.6 mg |
Manganese | 93 mcg |
Potassium | 2 mg |
Potassium | 13.6 mg |
Zinc (as gluconate) | 1.3 mg |
Zinc (as sulphate) | 7.6 mg |
Other | |
Amino-benzoic acid | 20 mg |
Betacarotene | 3 mg |
Betaine hydrochloride | 10 mg |
Choline bi-tartrate | 50 mg |
Inositol | 25 mg |
L-Glutamine | 50 mg |
Lysine hydrochloride | 10 mg |
Scutellaria lateriflora (Equiv. dry herb) | 100 mg |
Valeriana officinalis (Equiv. dry root) | 100 mg |
Placebo Group (n = 64) | Omega-3 Group (n = 67) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Age | |||
Mean ± SD | 33.3 ± 10.3 | 33.7 ± 12.6 | p = 0.852 |
Range | 18–70 | 19–80 | |
Ethnicity–number (%) | |||
African | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0) | X2 = 0.888 |
Arabic | 6 (9.4) | 5 (7.5) | |
Asian | 6 (9.4) | 6 (9.0) | |
Australian Aboriginal | 7 (11) | 7 (10) | |
Caucasian | 36 (56) | 38 (57) | |
Hispanic | 3 (4.7) | 2 (3.0) | |
Polynesian | 5 (7.8) | 8 (12) | |
Not stated | 0 (0) | 1 (1.5) | |
Education–number (%) | |||
Primary school | 3 (4.7) | 3 (4.5) | X2 = 0.508 |
Lower high school | 32 (50) | 36 (54) | |
Upper high school | 14 (22) | 9 (13) | |
Tertiary | 4 (6.2) | 4 (6.0) | |
Unknown | 11 (17) | 15 (22) | |
Omega-3 Index | p = 0.067 | ||
Median (IQR) | 4.91 (4.25, 6.68) | 4.59 (4.08, 5.55) | |
Range | 2.44–10.02 | 2.27–10.3 | |
Identified as aggressive by measure–number (%) | |||
IRM | 4 (6.2) | 9 (13) | X2 = 0.169 |
IBOS | 27 (42) | 23 (34) | X2 = 0.355 |
AQ Total | 20 (31) | 27 (40) | X2 = 0.280 |
Likely to have ADD–number (%) | |||
BADDS | 17 (27) | 20 (30) | X2 = 0.856 |
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Cortie, C.H.; Byrne, M.K.; Collier, C.; Parletta, N.; Crawford, D.; Winberg, P.C.; Webster, D.; Chapman, K.; Thomas, G.; Dally, J.; et al. The Effect of Dietary Supplementation on Aggressive Behaviour in Australian Adult Male Prisoners: A Feasibility and Pilot Study for a Randomised, Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2617. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092617
Cortie CH, Byrne MK, Collier C, Parletta N, Crawford D, Winberg PC, Webster D, Chapman K, Thomas G, Dally J, et al. The Effect of Dietary Supplementation on Aggressive Behaviour in Australian Adult Male Prisoners: A Feasibility and Pilot Study for a Randomised, Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2020; 12(9):2617. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092617
Chicago/Turabian StyleCortie, Colin H., Mitchell K. Byrne, Carole Collier, Natalie Parletta, Donna Crawford, Pia C. Winberg, David Webster, Karen Chapman, Gayle Thomas, Jean Dally, and et al. 2020. "The Effect of Dietary Supplementation on Aggressive Behaviour in Australian Adult Male Prisoners: A Feasibility and Pilot Study for a Randomised, Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial" Nutrients 12, no. 9: 2617. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092617
APA StyleCortie, C. H., Byrne, M. K., Collier, C., Parletta, N., Crawford, D., Winberg, P. C., Webster, D., Chapman, K., Thomas, G., Dally, J., Batterham, M., Martin, A. M., Grant, L., & Meyer, B. J. (2020). The Effect of Dietary Supplementation on Aggressive Behaviour in Australian Adult Male Prisoners: A Feasibility and Pilot Study for a Randomised, Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 12(9), 2617. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092617