Vitamin D Doses from Solar Ultraviolet and Dietary Intakes in Patients with Depression: Results of a Case-Control Study

Jahrami, Haitham; Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi; Grant, William Burgess; AlFarra, Hala Shafeeq Mohamed; AlFara, Wafa Shafeeq Mohamed; Mashalla, Shahla; Saif, Zahra

doi:10.3390/nu12092587

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Vitamin D Doses from Solar Ultraviolet and Dietary Intakes in Patients with Depression: Results of a Case-Control Study

Haitham Jahrami

^1,2,*

Nicola Luigi Bragazzi

William Burgess Grant

⁴

Hala Shafeeq Mohamed AlFarra

Wafa Shafeeq Mohamed AlFara

¹,

Shahla Mashalla

¹ and

Zahra Saif

Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain, P.O. Box 12 Manama, Bahrain

College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, P.O. Box 26671 Manama, Bahrain

Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, ON M3J 1P3, Canada

⁴

Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2587; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092587

Received: 3 August 2020 / Revised: 21 August 2020 / Accepted: 24 August 2020 / Published: 26 August 2020

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin D in the New Decade: Facts, Controversies, and Future Perspectives for Daily Clinical Practice)

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Abstract

The purpose of this study to estimate cumulative vitamin D doses from solar ultraviolet and dietary intakes in patients with depression and compare it to healthy controls. Using a case-control research design, a sample of 96 patients with depression were age- and sex-matched with 96 healthy controls. Dietary vitamin D dose was estimated from diet analysis. Vitamin D-weighted ultraviolet solar doses were estimated from action spectrum conversion factors and geometric conversion factors accounting for the skin type, the fraction of body exposed, and age factor. Patients with depression had a lower dose of vitamin D (IU) per day with 234, 153, and 81 per day from all sources, sunlight exposure, and dietary intake, respectively. Controls had a higher intake of vitamin D (IU) per day with 357, 270, and 87 per day from all sources, sunlight exposure, and dietary intake, respectively. Only 19% and 30% met the minimum daily recommended dose of ≥400 IU per day for cases and controls, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, percentage correctly classified and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) Area for the estimated vitamin D against serum vitamin D as reference were 100%, 79%, 80%, and 89%. Physical activity level was the only predictor of daily vitamin D dose. Vitamin D doses are lower than the recommended dose of ≥400 IU (10 mcg) per day for both cases with depression and healthy controls, being much lower in the former. View Full-Text

Keywords: 25OHD; mood disorders; UVB; vitamin D analogs; vitamin D supplementation

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Jahrami, H.; Bragazzi, N.L.; Grant, W.B.; AlFarra, H.S.M.; AlFara, W.S.M.; Mashalla, S.; Saif, Z. Vitamin D Doses from Solar Ultraviolet and Dietary Intakes in Patients with Depression: Results of a Case-Control Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2587. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092587

AMA Style

Jahrami H, Bragazzi NL, Grant WB, AlFarra HSM, AlFara WSM, Mashalla S, Saif Z. Vitamin D Doses from Solar Ultraviolet and Dietary Intakes in Patients with Depression: Results of a Case-Control Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(9):2587. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092587

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jahrami, Haitham, Nicola L. Bragazzi, William B. Grant, Hala S.M. AlFarra, Wafa S.M. AlFara, Shahla Mashalla, and Zahra Saif. 2020. "Vitamin D Doses from Solar Ultraviolet and Dietary Intakes in Patients with Depression: Results of a Case-Control Study" Nutrients 12, no. 9: 2587. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092587

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Vitamin D Doses from Solar Ultraviolet and Dietary Intakes in Patients with Depression: Results of a Case-Control Study

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