Patterns of the Consumption of Young Children Formula in Chinese Children Aged 1–3 Years and Implications for Nutrient Intake
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurement of Dietary Intakes
2.3. Young Children Formula Consumers
2.4. Measurement of Sociodemographic Characteristics
2.5. Statistical Methods and Modelling Scenarios
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Study Population and Their YCF Consumption
3.2. Energy and Nutrient Intakes of YCF Consumers and Non-Consumers
3.3. Modelling Nutrient Intakes to Meet the Dairy Intake Recommendations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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12–23 Months (N = 470) | 24–36 Months (N = 440) | 12–36 Month (N = 910) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of YCF Consumers | % Consuming | Number of YCF Consumers | % Consuming | Number of YCF Consumers | % Consuming | ||
Gender | Boys | 262 | 72.1 | 225 | 55.6 | 487 | 64.5 |
Girls | 208 | 70.7 | 215 | 56.7 | 423 | 63.6 | |
Family income | Low | 137 | 65.7 | 110 | 60.0 | 247 | 63.2 |
Middle | 175 | 70.9 | 149 | 50.3 | 324 | 61.4 | |
High | 143 | 77.6 a | 157 | 58.0 | 300 | 67.3 | |
Maternal education | ≤9 years | 98 | 53.1 | 84 | 42.9 | 182 | 48.4 |
10–12 years | 91 | 76.9 | 98 | 54.1 | 189 | 65.1 | |
≥12 years | 266 | 79.3 b | 234 | 61.5 b | 500 | 71.0 b |
Nutrients | YCF | Mean | SD | P25 | P50 | P75 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | Non-consumers | 978 | 425 | 679 | 911 | 1267 |
Consumers | 967 | 366 | 689 | 911 | 1190 | |
Carbohydrate (g) | Non-consumers | 137.5 | 70.4 | 86.4 | 123.5 | 188.7 |
Consumers | 131.7 | 59.0 | 86.8 | 121.3 | 165.3 | |
Protein (g) | Non-consumers | 36.4 | 19.3 | 22.2 | 31.6 | 46.3 |
Consumers | 34.9 | 15.4 | 23.6 | 32.5 | 42.9 | |
Fat (g) | Non-consumers | 33.6 | 20.8 | 19.3 | 30.1 | 41.8 |
Consumers | 34.2 | 17.2 | 21.5 | 31.5 | 43.7 | |
Saturated fat (g) | Non-consumers | 10.5 | 7.0 | 5.9 | 9.3 | 13.3 |
Consumers a,* | 6.1 | 4.7 | 2.7 | 5.2 | 8.5 | |
Dietary fiber (g) | Non-consumers | 4.9 | 5.1 | 2.0 | 3.2 | 6.0 |
Consumers | 4.1 | 3.2 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 5.1 | |
Vitamin A (μg RE) | Non-consumers | 456.6 | 449.2 | 184.0 | 317.8 | 598.9 |
Consumers a,* | 730.2 | 537.0 | 371.4 | 625.1 | 941.9 | |
Thiamin (mg) | Non-consumers | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
Consumersa * | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.8 | |
Riboflavin (mg) | Non-consumers | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.9 |
Consumersa * | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.1 | |
Niacin (mg) | Non-consumers | 6.9 | 5.4 | 3.6 | 5.3 | 9.3 |
Consumers | 6.2 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 5.5 | 8.1 | |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | Non-consumers | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
Consumers a,* | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 | |
Folate (μg) | Non-consumers | 139.9 | 176.6 | 60.6 | 92.6 | 147.4 |
Consumers a,* | 145.7 | 109.0 | 90.5 | 126.1 | 169.6 | |
Vitamin B12 (μg) | Non-consumers | 4.7 | 11.1 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 2.7 |
Consumers a,* | 3.3 | 5.0 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 3.4 | |
Vitamin C (mg) | Non-consumers | 46.5 | 211.6 | 13.1 | 27.0 | 43.1 |
Consumers a,* | 65.2 | 45.2 | 36.5 | 55.4 | 79.0 | |
Vitamin D (μg) | Non-consumers | 11.3 | 28.0 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 8.3 |
Consumers a,* | 17.2 | 35.3 | 3.5 | 7.1 | 20.3 | |
Vitamin E (α-TE, mg) | Non-consumers | 9.4 | 7.8 | 5.0 | 8.1 | 11.7 |
Consumers a,* | 12.0 | 6.7 | 7.0 | 10.4 | 15.6 | |
Calcium (mg) | Non-consumers | 406.3 | 285.0 | 216.9 | 350.6 | 536.2 |
Consumers a,* | 583.8 | 289.4 | 379.3 | 526.2 | 738.3 | |
Phosphorus (mg) | Non-consumers | 615.3 | 399.9 | 339.9 | 544.2 | 771.2 |
Consumers a, | 612.2 | 255.2 | 431.5 | 571.8 | 755.1 | |
Magnesium (mg) | Non-consumers | 146.8 | 80.6 | 85.7 | 131.4 | 197.9 |
Consumers a,* | 123.7 | 58.4 | 82.9 | 113.0 | 153.6 | |
Iron (mg) | Non-consumers | 11.5 | 11.3 | 5.7 | 8.5 | 12.8 |
Consumers a,* | 11.5 | 6.3 | 7.9 | 10.3 | 13.7 | |
Zinc (mg) | Non-consumers | 6.1 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 5.3 | 8.1 |
Consumers a,* | 6.4 | 2.8 | 4.5 | 5.9 | 7.8 | |
Selenium (μg) | Non-consumers | 24.5 | 13.6 | 14.1 | 22.4 | 32.5 |
Consumers | 23.6 | 14.1 | 14.9 | 21.5 | 29.8 | |
Sodium (mg) | Non-consumers | 2360 | 1754 | 1052 | 2085 | 3291 |
Consumers | 2195 | 1650 | 879 | 1871 | 3379 | |
Potassium (mg) | Non-consumers | 929 | 609 | 487 | 790 | 1173 |
Consumers a,* | 1021 | 434 | 712 | 952 | 1251 |
Nutrients | Dietary Nutrient Intake | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | P25 | P50 | P75 | ||
Energy (kcal) | reported | 912 | 379 | 631 | 867 | 1122 |
model1 a | 978 | 376 | 699 | 945 | 1184 | |
model2 a,b | 998 | 376 | 720 | 968 | 1202 | |
Carbohydrate (g) | reported | 128.4 | 64.3 | 79.4 | 115.3 | 163.3 |
model1 a | 132.5 | 64.1 | 83.3 | 120.0 | 167.3 | |
model2 a,b | 138.8 | 64.2 | 87.2 | 125.8 | 172.7 | |
Protein (g) | reported | 33.8 | 17.2 | 21.6 | 30.3 | 40.7 |
model1 a | 37.4 | 17.1 | 25.6 | 34.0 | 44.7 | |
model2 a,b | 36.5 | 17.0 | 24.7 | 32.8 | 43.7 | |
Fat (g) | reported | 30.9 | 17.0 | 19.1 | 28.0 | 38.3 |
model1 a | 34.8 | 17.0 | 22.6 | 32.3 | 41.8 | |
model2 a,b | 34.4 | 16.9 | 22.4 | 31.9 | 41.2 | |
Saturated fat (g) | reported | 7.3 | 5.4 | 3.4 | 6.2 | 9.6 |
model1 a | 9.2 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 8.3 | 11.7 | |
model2 a,b | 8.5 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 7.5 | 10.7 | |
Dietary fiber (g) | reported | 4.6 | 4.5 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 5.4 |
model1 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 5.4 | |
model2 a,b | 5.4 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 4.2 | 6.2 | |
Vitamin A (µg RE) | reported | 587.4 | 530.8 | 274.1 | 444.0 | 775.8 |
model1 a | 616.6 | 528.5 | 304.3 | 464.9 | 801.2 | |
model2 a,b | 674.6 | 525.4 | 367.1 | 522.3 | 861.6 | |
Thiamin (mg) | reported | 0.54 | 0.47 | 0.34 | 0.47 | 0.62 |
model1 a | 0.58 | 0.47 | 0.38 | 0.50 | 0.65 | |
model2 a,b | 0.61 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.53 | 0.69 | |
Riboflavin (mg) | reported | 0.71 | 0.51 | 0.47 | 0.62 | 0.79 |
model1 a | 0.88 | 0.50 | 0.65 | 0.79 | 0.96 | |
model2 a,b | 0.81 | 0.50 | 0.59 | 0.73 | 0.89 | |
Niacin (mg) | reported | 6.8 | 5.1 | 3.6 | 5.6 | 8.6 |
model1 a | 6.8 | 5.1 | 3.7 | 5.8 | 8.7 | |
model2 a,b | 7.4 | 5.1 | 4.3 | 6.3 | 9.3 | |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | reported | 0.52 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.44 | 0.64 |
model1 a | 0.56 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.47 | 0.67 | |
model2 a,b | 0.61 | 0.33 | 0.41 | 0.54 | 0.72 | |
Folate (µg) | reported | 149.0 | 166.9 | 74.2 | 110.9 | 155.5 |
model1 a | 152.6 | 166.8 | 78.6 | 113.9 | 158.6 | |
model2 a,b | 169.1 | 166.4 | 99.1 | 129.3 | 174.5 | |
Vitamin B12 (µg) | reported | 4.2 | 9.8 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 2.8 |
model1 a | 4.4 | 9.8 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 3.0 | |
model2 a,b | 4.5 | 9.8 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 3.1 | |
Vitamin C (mg) | reported | 55.4 | 185.6 | 23.6 | 36.8 | 58.6 |
model1 a | 56.6 | 185.6 | 24.7 | 38.0 | 59.3 | |
model2 a,b | 68.4 | 185.9 | 36.3 | 50.5 | 70.3 | |
Vitamin D (µg) | reported | 14.9 | 39.6 | 1.6 | 3.4 | 15.2 |
model1 a | 15.2 | 39.6 | 2.0 | 3.6 | 15.4 | |
model2 a,b | 16.9 | 39.6 | 4.2 | 5.1 | 17.0 | |
Vitamin E (α-TE, mg) | reported | 10.2 | 6.9 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 4.9 |
model1 a | 10.5 | 6.9 | 6.0 | 8.9 | 13.1 | |
model2 a,b | 10.9 | 6.9 | 6.4 | 9.3 | 13.5 | |
Calcium (mg) | reported | 405.4 | 184.5 | 274.7 | 376.1 | 488.1 |
model1 a | 532.2 | 169.6 | 412.0 | 492.4 | 592.5 | |
model2 a,b | 513.4 | 169.9 | 394.1 | 472.2 | 576.7 | |
Phosphorus (mg) | reported | 542.1 | 244.7 | 370.7 | 508.8 | 653.0 |
model1 a | 631.1 | 240.1 | 462.6 | 587.6 | 742.1 | |
model2 a,b | 607.9 | 240.2 | 439.1 | 567.2 | 711.8 | |
Magnesium (mg) | reported | 126.5 | 68.8 | 78.4 | 111.5 | 161.3 |
model1 a | 139.9 | 69.2 | 92.5 | 125.8 | 171.4 | |
model2 a,b | 134.8 | 68.9 | 87.4 | 119.4 | 167.6 | |
Iron (mg) | reported | 11.4 | 9.6 | 6.6 | 9.2 | 12.6 |
model1 a | 11.8 | 9.6 | 7.0 | 9.5 | 13.0 | |
model2 a,b | 12.9 | 9.6 | 8.3 | 10.6 | 14.2 | |
Zinc (mg) | reported | 5.8 | 2.7 | 3.8 | 5.3 | 7.2 |
model1 a | 6.31 | 2.73 | 4.31 | 5.79 | 7.76 | |
model2 a,b | 6.28 | 2.73 | 4.29 | 5.83 | 7.80 | |
Selenium (µg) | reported | 23.9 | 14.9 | 14.7 | 21.5 | 30.0 |
model1 a | 26.3 | 14.8 | 17.0 | 24.1 | 31.9 | |
model2 a,b | 27.2 | 14.8 | 17.9 | 25.0 | 32.9 | |
Sodium (mg) | reported | 2391 | 1860 | 970 | 1974 | 3414 |
model1 a | 2436 | 1859 | 1028 | 2036 | 3451 | |
model2 a,b | 2425 | 1859 | 1009 | 2017 | 3443 | |
Potassium (mg) | reported | 910 | 501 | 581 | 796 | 1095 |
model1 a | 1043 | 496 | 725 | 937 | 1204 | |
model2 a,b | 1061 | 496 | 740 | 955 | 1220 |
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Zhang, J.; Wang, D.; Zhang, Y. Patterns of the Consumption of Young Children Formula in Chinese Children Aged 1–3 Years and Implications for Nutrient Intake. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1672. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061672
Zhang J, Wang D, Zhang Y. Patterns of the Consumption of Young Children Formula in Chinese Children Aged 1–3 Years and Implications for Nutrient Intake. Nutrients. 2020; 12(6):1672. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061672
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Jian, Dantong Wang, and Yumei Zhang. 2020. "Patterns of the Consumption of Young Children Formula in Chinese Children Aged 1–3 Years and Implications for Nutrient Intake" Nutrients 12, no. 6: 1672. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061672