Physical and Psychological Effects Related to Food Habits and Lifestyle Changes Derived from COVID-19 Home Confinement in the Spanish Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Study Design
2.2. Data Collection
- Socio-demographic characteristics: age, gender, educational level, place of living during confinement, living status during confinement (alone, 1 person, 2 people, 3 people, >4 or more people) and home office (yes or no).
- Lifestyle behaviors adopted during lockdown with respect to pre-epidemic conditions:
- Anthropometric data. Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated as body weight in kg divided by height in meters squared; height and weight before and during confinement. According to the criteria of the World Health Organization, the BMI was categorized as: underweight (below 18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2) and obese (above 30.0 kg/m2) [18].
- Protection used during lockdown (no use of protection, handwashing, gloves, mask, protective screen).
- Food habits: Current diet; whether quarantine resulted in change in dietary habits, increased food consumption, specific food consumed, snacking, and specific type of cooking during lockdown; daily number of consumed meals and frequency of meals before and during lockdown; sources of food during isolation: methods for purchasing or obtaining food; three foods most often consumed; soft drinks and type consumed.
- Frequency and type of alcohol consumption.
- Smoking frequency during confinement.
- Dietary supplements consumption during confinement
- Sleep hours before and during lockdown and sleep quality during confinement.
- Exercise before and during the lockdown with respect to the time and intensity dedicated.
- Mood changes during lockdown with respect to feeding, nervousness, sleep-problems, overall feeling about life.
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Anthropometric Data
3.3. Intake of Dietary Supplements
3.4. Changes in Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption
3.5. Physical Exercise and Sleep
3.6. Influences on Emotional Status
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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All (n = 675) | Women (N = 472) | Men (N = 203) | p-Value * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 39.1 (SD 12.9) | 39 (SD 12.8) | 39.2 (SD 13.2) | 0.888 |
Education, N (%) | 0.138 | |||
Until middle School | 6 (0.9) | 2 (0.4) | 4 (2.0) | |
High School | 31 (4.6) | 19 (4.0) | 12 (5.9) | |
Vocational Training | 58 (8.6) | 36 (7.6) | 22 (10.8) | |
Undergraduate | 329 (48.7) | 238 (50.4) | 91 (44.8) | |
Postgraduate | 181 (26.8) | 127 (26.9) | 54 (26.6) | |
PhD | 65 (9.6) | 45 (9.5) | 20 (9.9) | |
Others | 5 (0.7) | 5 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
Living status during confinement | 0.659 | |||
Alone | 69 (10.2) | 50 (10.6) | 19 (9.4) | |
1 person | 161 (23.9) | 109 (23.1) | 52 (25.6) | |
2 people | 158 (23.4) | 106 (22.5) | 52 (25.6) | |
3 people | 151 (22.4) | 106 (22.5) | 45 (22.2) | |
≥4 people | 136 (20.1) | 101 (21.4) | 35 (17.2) | |
Home-office, N (%) | 0.707 | |||
Yes | 472 (69.9) | 328 (69.5) | 59 (29.1) | |
No | 203 (30.1) | 144 (30.5) | 144 (70.9) | |
Protection used after lockdown N (%) | ||||
Mask | 667 (99.4) | 469 (99.4) | 202 (99.5) | 0.044 |
Gloves | 167 (24.7) | 120 (25.4) | 47 (23.2) | 0.531 |
All (n = 675) | Women (N = 472) | Men (N = 203) | p-Value * | Effect Size | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight before (kg) | 68.7 (SD 15.3) | 63.5 (SD 13.4) | 80.5 (SD 13.4) | <0.001 | 0.056 |
Weight after (kg) | 68.8 (SD 15.8) | 63.7 (SD 14.2) | 80.5 (SD 13.5) | <0.001 | 0.234 |
Height (m) | 170.3 (SD 35.5) | 166.7 (SD 41.5) | 178.8 (SD 9.9) | <0.001 | 0.024 |
BMI before (kg/m2) | 23.9 (SD 4.9) | 23.4 (SD 5.2) | 25.2 (SD 4.0) | <0.001 | 0.031 |
BMI after (kg/m2) | 24.2 (SD 10.8) | 23.8 (SD 12.6) | 25.2 (SD 4.0) | <0.001 | 0.037 |
Change in body weight (kg) | 0.12 (SD 2.7) | 0.15 (SD 2.6) | 0.07 (SD 2.8) | 0.758 | 0.001 |
Variable | Weight Variation | BMI before Confinement | BMI during Confinement | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rs | p-Value | Rs | p-Value | Rs | p-Value | |
Age | 0.138 | <0.01 | 0.297 | <0.01 | 0.318 | <0.01 |
Number of meals | −0.055 | 0.15 | −0.089 | 0.02 | −0.104 | <0.01 |
Sleep (h/day) | −0.064 | 0.09 | −0.204 | <0.01 | −0.202 | <0.01 |
EEQ | 0.192 | <0.01 | 0.185 | <0.01 | 0.223 | <0.01 |
Variable | Number (%) | Weight Change (kg) | p-Value | Effect Size |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Men | 472 (69.9) | 0.15 | ||
Women | 203 (30.1) | 0.07 | 0.758 | 0.001 |
Age (years) * | 0.012 | 0.089 | ||
18–30 | 167 (24.7) | −0.26 | ||
30–65 | 487 (72.1) | 0.27 | ||
>65 | 21 (3.1) | −0.14 | ||
Living alone | 0.913 | 0.001 | ||
No | 69 (10.2) | 0.12 | ||
Yes | 606 (89.8) | 0.13 | ||
BMI before confinement | 0.02 | |||
≤25 | 455 (67.4) | 0.14 | ||
>25 | 220 (32.6) | 0.09 | 0.41 | |
Dietary | 0.009 | |||
supplements | ||||
Yes | 137 (20.3) | 0.01 | ||
No | 538 (79.7) | 0.62 | 0.013 | |
Active smokers | 0.003 | |||
Yes | 116 (17.2) | 0.33 | ||
No | 559 (82.8) | 0.08 | 0.985 | |
Active alcohol drinkers | 0.002 | |||
Yes | 185 (27.4) | 0.13 | ||
No | 490 (72.6) | 0.12 | 0.758 | |
Sleep during confinement | 0.04 | 0.006 | ||
<7 h/day | 143 (21.2) | 0.47 | ||
≥7 h/day | 532 (78.8) | 0.03 | ||
Exercise during confinement | 0.02 | |||
Yes | 559 (82.8) | −0.05 | ||
No | 116 (17.2) | 0.9 | 0.01 | |
EEQ * | 0.031 | |||
Non-emotional eater | 186 (27.6) | −0.37 | ||
Low emotional eater | 268 (39.7) | −0.06 | ||
Emotional eater | 147 (21.8) | 0.64 | ||
Very emotional eater | 74 (11.0) | 1.03 | <0.001 |
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López-Moreno, M.; López, M.T.I.; Miguel, M.; Garcés-Rimón, M. Physical and Psychological Effects Related to Food Habits and Lifestyle Changes Derived from COVID-19 Home Confinement in the Spanish Population. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3445. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113445
López-Moreno M, López MTI, Miguel M, Garcés-Rimón M. Physical and Psychological Effects Related to Food Habits and Lifestyle Changes Derived from COVID-19 Home Confinement in the Spanish Population. Nutrients. 2020; 12(11):3445. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113445
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez-Moreno, Miguel, Maria Teresa Iglesias López, Marta Miguel, and Marta Garcés-Rimón. 2020. "Physical and Psychological Effects Related to Food Habits and Lifestyle Changes Derived from COVID-19 Home Confinement in the Spanish Population" Nutrients 12, no. 11: 3445. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113445
APA StyleLópez-Moreno, M., López, M. T. I., Miguel, M., & Garcés-Rimón, M. (2020). Physical and Psychological Effects Related to Food Habits and Lifestyle Changes Derived from COVID-19 Home Confinement in the Spanish Population. Nutrients, 12(11), 3445. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113445