Age-Appropriate Feeding Practices in Cambodia and the Possible Influence on the Growth of the Children: A Longitudinal Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Outcome Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age Group | Breast-Feeding | Complementary Feeding | |
---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Quantity 1 | ||
0–5.9 months | Predominant breast-feeding at least 6 times per day | No complementary feeding | |
6–8.9 months | Breast-feeding at least 6 times per day (complementary) | Maximum 3 meals per day | 2–3 tablespoons to half Chan Chang Koeh for each meal |
9–11.9 months | Breast-feeding at least 6 times per day (complementary) | Minimum of 3 meals per day | From half to a full Chan Chang Koeh for each meal |
12 months+ | Breast-feeding at least 3 times per day(complementary) | Minimum of 3 meals per day | Minimum half of a full Chan Chang Koeh for each meal |
Variable | Total n = 2129 | Ratanakiri n = 682 | Kratie n = 799 | Phnom Penh n = 648 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age at recruitment | 6.19 (3.30) | 5.87 (3.33) | 6.22 (3.22) | 6.48 (3.33) | 0.005 |
Age group | |||||
0–5.9 months | 48.4% (1030) | 53.1% (362) | 47.4% (379) | 44.6% (289) | |
6–8.9 months | 27.2% (580) | 24.4% (167) | 29.6% (236) | 27.3% (177) | |
9–11.9 months | 24.3% (519) | 22.4% (153) | 23.0% (184) | 28.1% (182) | |
Sex: Male | 50.5% (1076) | 47.9% (327) | 50.6% (405) | 53.1% (344) | 0.08 |
Breast-feeding status 1 | <0.001 | ||||
Predominantly | 34.3% (731) | 43.2% (287) | 38.9% (303) | 24.2% (141) | |
Partly | 51.9% (1105) | 51.5% (342) | 57.5% (448) | 54.0% (315) | |
None | 8.9% (190) | 5.3% (35) | 3.6% (28) | 21.8% (127) | |
NA’s | (103) | (18) | (20) | (65) | |
ADF | 43.0% (845) | 47.7% (306) | 52.5% (399) | 25.0% (148) | <0.001 |
0–5.9 months | 55.9% (538) | 62.8% (221) | 65.4% (237) | 32.4% (80) | |
6–8.9 months | 45.6% (240) | 29.5% (60) | 59.2% (132) | 27.1% (48) | |
9–11.9 months | 14.1% (67) | 18.2% (25) | 16.7% (29) | 7.9% (13) | |
NA’s | (166) | (40) | (40) | (85) | |
Minimum Diet Diversity 2 | 19.1% (204) | 21.7% (68) | 17% (75) | 21.8% (74) | 0.03 |
Nutritional status | <0.001 | ||||
Not stunted nor wasted | 74.3% (1573) | 70.4% (477) | 71.5% (565) | 81.9% (531) | |
Stunted | 13.8% (295) | 21.7% (147) | 11.6% (92) | 9.0% (56) | |
Wasted | 14.8% (315) | 12.4% (84) | 20.4% (161) | 10.6% (69) | |
NA’s | (14) | (5) | (9) | (0) | |
Mother education | <0.001 | ||||
No education | 23.0% (490) | 42.8% (292) | 16.8% (134) | 10.0% (65) | |
Primary | 40.2% (855) | 32.3% (225) | 48.7% (389) | 37.4% (241) | |
Secondary and more | 39.6% (780) | 24.2% (165) | 34.5% (276) | 52.6% (339) | |
NA’s | (3) | (0) | (0) | (3) | |
Number of children | 2.4 (1.37) | 2.59 (1.39) | 2.37(1.28) | 2.30 (1.31) | 0.08 |
NA’s | (13) | (1) | (6) | (6) | |
Safe drinking water | 93.4% (1931) | 97.5% (659) | 84.4% (666) | 99.3% (4) | 0.04 |
NA’s | (63) | (10) | (12) | (41) | |
Do not have latrine | 40.0% (836) | 52.9% (361) | 57.9% (463) | 2.0% (13) | <0.001 |
NA’s | (40) | (0) | (0) | (40) |
Variable (%) | 1st Visit n = 1898 | 2nd Visit n = 1332 | 3rd Visit n = 1212 | 4th Visit n = 1091 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | <0.001 | ||||
0–5.9 months | 49.0% (931) | 22.4% (299) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | |
6–8.9 months | 26.7% (506) | 26.7% (355) | 12.9% (157) | 0% (0) | |
9–11.9 months | 24.3% (461) | 28.6% (381) | 27.3% (331) | 6.1% (67) | |
12 months+ | 0% (0) | 22.3% (297) | 59.7% (724) | 93.9%(1024) | |
Province | 0.18 | ||||
Ratanakiri | 33.0% (627) | 36.0% (480) | 34.9% (423) | 34.4% (276) | |
Kratie | 38.5% (732) | 40.4% (538) | 38.5% (467) | 41.5% (453) | |
Phnom Penh | 28.4% (539) | 23.6% (314) | 26.6% (322) | 24.0% (262) | |
Breast-feeding status 1 | <0.001 | ||||
Predominantly | 37.1% (705) | 16.7% (223) | 1.2% (15) | 1.6% (18) | |
Partly | 53% (1006) | 77.9% (1037) | 88.2% (1059) | 72.9% (796) | |
None | 9.9% (187) | 5.4% (72) | 10.6% (128) | 25.4% (277) | |
ADF excluding quantity 2 | 50.6% (960) | 61.3% (816) | 61.5% (745) | 51.1% (558) | <0.001 |
ADF | 42.9% (815) | 35.9% (479) | 17.7% (214) | 7.1% (70) | <0.001 |
0–5.9 months | 55.9% (520) | 56.5% (169) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | |
6–8.9 months | 45.7% (231) | 48.2% (171) | 56% (88) | 0% (0) | |
9–11.9 months | 13.9% (64) | 25.7% (98) | 17.2% (57) | 14.9% (10) | |
12 months+ | 0% (0) | 13.8% (41) | 9.5% (69) | 5.9% (60) | |
Minimum Diet Diversity 3 | 20.0% (194) | 26.9% (278) | 37.1% (449) | 34.9% (424) | <0.001 |
Nutritional status | <0.001 | ||||
Not stunted nor wasted | 74.9% (1423) | 71.8% (957) | 68.2% (826) | 61.6% (672) | |
Stunting | 13.2% (250) | 18.9% (252) | 24.5% (297) | 32.4% (354) | |
Wasting | 13.6% (259) | 14.7% (196) | 13.7% (166) | 15.4% (168) | |
Mother education | 0.04 | ||||
No education | 23.2% (440) | 23.2% (309) | 25.3% (307) | 26.2% (286) | |
Primary | 39.8% (756) | 40.2% (550) | 40.4% (490) | 40.1% (437) | |
Secondary and more | 36.9% (702) | 36.6% (473) | 34.2% (415) | 33.7% (368) | |
Safe drinking water | 93.6% (1777) | 92.9% (1235) | 85.2% (1033) | 78.8% (860) | <0.001 |
Do not have latrine | 39.9% (759) | 41.2% (559) | 41.2% (499) | 41.8% (456) | 0.06 |
Model A | Model B | Model C | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Est. | S.E. | P. | Est. | S.E. | P. | Est. | S.E. | P. | |
WAZ | 0.11 | 0.02 | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.01 | 0.8 | 0.004 | 0.02 | 0.83 |
HAZ | 0.17 | 0.02 | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.91 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.90 |
WHZ | 0.15 | 0.02 | <0.001 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Fully-Adjusted Model(C) | Ratanakiri | Kratie | Phnom Penh | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Est. | S.E. | P. | Est. | S.E. | P. | Est. | S.E. | P. | |
WAZ | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.001 | 0.03 | 0.88 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.19 |
HAZ | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.79 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.19 | −0.08 | 0.05 | 0.07 |
WHZ | 0.13 | 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.81 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.72 |
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Hondru, G.; Laillou, A.; Wieringa, F.T.; Poirot, E.; Berger, J.; Christensen, D.L.; Roos, N. Age-Appropriate Feeding Practices in Cambodia and the Possible Influence on the Growth of the Children: A Longitudinal Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010012
Hondru G, Laillou A, Wieringa FT, Poirot E, Berger J, Christensen DL, Roos N. Age-Appropriate Feeding Practices in Cambodia and the Possible Influence on the Growth of the Children: A Longitudinal Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(1):12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010012
Chicago/Turabian StyleHondru, Gabriela, Arnaud Laillou, Frank T. Wieringa, Etienne Poirot, Jacques Berger, Dirk L. Christensen, and Nanna Roos. 2020. "Age-Appropriate Feeding Practices in Cambodia and the Possible Influence on the Growth of the Children: A Longitudinal Study" Nutrients 12, no. 1: 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010012