Child-Sensitive WASH Composite Score and the Nutritional Status in Cambodian Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Key Messages
3. Methods
3.1. Data Source
3.1.1. Anthropometric Measurements
3.1.2. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Measurements
3.1.3. Variable Included in the Analyses
3.1.4. Statistical Analyses
4. Results
4.1. General Characteristics of Participants
4.2. Anthropometric Characteristics of Participants
4.3. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Characteristics of Participants
4.4. Univariate and Multivariate Analyses for Wasting
4.5. Univariate and Multivariate Analyses for Stunting
5. Model Diagnostics
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Baseline | Follow-Up 2 | Follow-Up 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Female | 2654/5310 (50%) | 2654/5310 (50%) | 2654/5310 (50%) |
Age of study population (months) 1 | 11.8 ± 7 | 16.2 ± 8.5 | 19.8 ± 8.9 |
WHZ of study population 1 | −0.8 ± 1.1 | −0.7 ± 1 | −0.8 ± 1 |
Normal | 3719/4343 (85.6%) | 3148/3441 (91.5%) | 3052/3357 (90.9%) |
Wasted (WHZ < –2 SD) | 624/4343 (14.4%) | 293/3441 (8.5%) | 305/3357 (9.1%) |
MUAC of study population (6.0–59.9 months) 1 | 13.8 ± 1.2 | 14 ± 1.1 | 14.1 ± 1.1 |
Normal | 2914/3239 (90%) | 2786/2981 (93.5%) | 2969/3149 (94.3%) |
Wasted (MUAC < 125 mm) | 325/3239 (10%) | 195/2981 (6.5%) | 180/3149 (5.7%) |
HAZ of study population 1 | −1 ± 1.3 | −1.3 ± 1.1 | −1.4 ± 1.1 |
Normal | 3515/4351 (80.8%) | 2552/3445 (74.1%) | 2397/3358 (71.4%) |
Stunted (HAZ < –2SD) | 836/4351 (19.2%) | 893/3445 (25.9%) | 961/3358 (28.6%) |
Weight-for-Height z-Score | |||||||||
Crude Analyses | Adjusted Analyses (JMP-CS) | Adjusted Analyses (National-CS) | |||||||
Estimate | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimate | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimate | 95% CI | p-Value | |
JMP-CS composite score | 0.28 | 0.18–0.38 | <0.001 | 0.14 | 0.01–0.27 | 0.03 | |||
National-CS composite score | 0.55 | 0.4–0.69 | <0.001 | 0.4 | 0.2–0.58 | <0.001 | |||
Gender | |||||||||
Male | ref. | ||||||||
Female | 0.06 | 0.002–0.11 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.004–0.12 | 0.051 | 0.08 | 0.01–0.15 | 0.021 |
Age | −0.016 | −0.02–−0.012 | <0.001 | −0.028 | −0.03–−0.02 | <0.001 | −0.028 | −0.03–−0.02 | <0.001 |
Exclusive breastfeeding | |||||||||
Exclusive breastfeeding | ref. | ||||||||
Other food/drinks | −0.27 | −0.33–0.21 | <0.001 | −0.35 | −0.43–0.27 | <0.001 | −0.35 | −0.45–0.25 | <0.001 |
Dietary diversity intake | −0.02 | −0.03–−0.007 | 0.001 | 0.01 | −0.006–0.02 | 0.268 | 0.01 | −0.01–0.02 | 0.516 |
Mother education | |||||||||
No-low education | ref. | ||||||||
Higher education | 0.22 | 0.16–0.28 | <0.001 | 0.1 | 0.04–0.18 | 0.001 | 0.1 | 0.001–0.15 | 0.052 |
Wealth index | 0.14 | 0.12–0.16 | <0.001 | 0.09 | 0.07–0.12 | <0.001 | 0.1 | 0.07–0.12 | <0.001 |
Province | |||||||||
Phnom Penh | ref. | ||||||||
Kratie | −0.4 | −0.5–0.34 | <0.001 | −0.31 | −0.4–0.22 | <0.001 | −0.24 | −0.34–0.14 | <0.001 |
Ratanakiri | −0.35 | −0.4–0.3 | <0.001 | −0.16 | −0.25–0.06 | 0.001 | −0.07 | −0.17–0.04 | 0.234 |
Mid-Upper Arm Circumference | |||||||||
Crude analyses | Adjusted analyses (JMP-CS) | Adjusted analyses (National-CS) | |||||||
Estimate | 95% CI | p-value | Estimate | 95% CI | p-value | Estimate | 95% CI | p-value | |
JMP-CS composite score | 0.54 | 0.43–0.65 | <0.001 | 0.18 | 0.04–0.31 | 0.013 | |||
National-CS composite score | 0.95 | 0.78–1.12 | <0.001 | 0.4 | 0.16–0.58 | 0.001 | |||
Gender | |||||||||
Male | ref. | ||||||||
Female | −0.36 | −0.42–0.29 | <0.001 | −0.39 | −0.45–−0.32 | <0.001 | −0.39 | −0.46–0.31 | <0.001 |
Age | 0.04 | 0.037–0.05 | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.017–0.03 | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.016–0.3 | <0.001 |
Exclusive breastfeeding | |||||||||
Exclusive breastfeeding | ref. | ||||||||
Other food/drinks | 0.61 | 0.54–0.68 | <0.001 | 0.55 | 0.46–0.63 | <0.001 | 0.51 | 0.4–0.6 | <0.001 |
Dietary diversity intake | 0.07 | 0.05–0.08 | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.002–0.03 | 0.027 | 0.01 | −0.003–0.03 | 0.102 |
Mother education | |||||||||
No-low education | ref. | ||||||||
Higher education | 0.33 | 0.27–0.4 | <0.001 | 0.14 | 0.06–0.21 | <0.001 | 0.1 | 0.03–0.2 | 0.008 |
Wealth index | 0.19 | 0.17–0.22 | <0.001 | 0.1 | 0.08–0.14 | <0.001 | 0.1 | 0.08–0.14 | <0.001 |
Province | |||||||||
Phnom Penh | ref. | ||||||||
Kratie | −0.52 | −0.6–0.45 | <0.001 | −0.28 | −0.37–0.18 | <0.001 | −0.24 | −0.35–0.13 | <0.001 |
Ratanakiri | −0.65 | −0.73–0.58 | <0.001 | −0.38 | −0.48–0.28 | <0.001 | −0.31 | −0.43–0.2 | <0.001 |
Height-for-Age Z-Score | |||||||||
Crude Analyses | Adjusted Analyses (JMP-CS) | Adjusted Analyses (National-CS) | |||||||
Estimate | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimate | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimate | 95% CI | p-Value | |
JMP-CS composite score | 0.21 | 0.13–0.29 | <0.001 | 0.15 | 0.04–0.25 | 0.006 | |||
National-CS composite score | 0.35 | 0.22–0.47 | <0.001 | 0.15 | −0.02–0.32 | 0.081 | |||
Gender | |||||||||
Male | ref. | ||||||||
Female | 0.1 | 0.04–0.17 | 0.002 | 0.12 | 0.5–0.18 | 0.001 | 0.11 | 0.03–0.19 | 0.004 |
Age | −0.025 | −0.03–-0.02 | <0.001 | −0.03 | −0.04–−0.029 | <0.001 | −0.038 | −0.04–−0.03 | <0.001 |
Exclusive breastfeeding | |||||||||
Exclusive breastfeeding | ref. | ||||||||
Other food/drinks | −0.18 | −0.23–−0.12 | <0.001 | −0.07 | −0.13–0.003 | 0.04 | −0.11 | −0.2–-0.03 | 0.009 |
Dietary diversity intake | −0.02 | −0.03–−0.008 | <0.001 | −0.01 | −0.02–−0.003 | 0.012 | −0.01 | −0.02–0.004 | 0.173 |
Mother education | |||||||||
No-low education | ref. | ||||||||
Higher education | 0.4 | 0.33–0.47 | <0.001 | 0.18 | 0.1–0.26 | <0.001 | 0.17 | 0.09–0.26 | <0.001 |
Wealth index | 0.19 | 0.16–0.2 | <0.001 | 0.13 | 0.1–0.16 | <0.001 | 0.13 | 0.09–0.16 | <0.001 |
Province | |||||||||
Phnom Penh | ref. | ||||||||
Kratie | −0.41 | −0.49–−0.34 | <0.001 | −0.14 | −0.24–−0.04 | 0.007 | −0.16 | −0.26–-0.05 | 0.005 |
Ratanakiri | −0.62 | −0.7–−0.54 | <0.001 | −0.36 | −0.46–−0.26 | <0.001 | −0.37 | −0.49–-0.25 | <0.001 |
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Manzoni, G.; Laillou, A.; Samnang, C.; Hong, R.; Wieringa, F.T.; Berger, J.; Poirot, E.; Checchi, F. Child-Sensitive WASH Composite Score and the Nutritional Status in Cambodian Children. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092142
Manzoni G, Laillou A, Samnang C, Hong R, Wieringa FT, Berger J, Poirot E, Checchi F. Child-Sensitive WASH Composite Score and the Nutritional Status in Cambodian Children. Nutrients. 2019; 11(9):2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092142
Chicago/Turabian StyleManzoni, Giulia, Arnaud Laillou, Chea Samnang, Rathmony Hong, Frank T. Wieringa, Jacques Berger, Etienne Poirot, and Francesco Checchi. 2019. "Child-Sensitive WASH Composite Score and the Nutritional Status in Cambodian Children" Nutrients 11, no. 9: 2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092142
APA StyleManzoni, G., Laillou, A., Samnang, C., Hong, R., Wieringa, F. T., Berger, J., Poirot, E., & Checchi, F. (2019). Child-Sensitive WASH Composite Score and the Nutritional Status in Cambodian Children. Nutrients, 11(9), 2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092142