Self-Report Dieters: Who Are They?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Dieting Variables
2.2.2. Socio-Demographic Factors
2.2.3. Lifestyle-Related Factors
2.2.4. Somatic Health
2.2.5. Mental Health
2.3. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Dieting Attempts
3.1.1. Sociodemographic Factors and Dieting Attempts
3.1.2. Lifestyle and Dieting Attempts
3.1.3. Somatic Health and Dieting Attempts
3.1.4. Mental Health and Dieting Attempts
3.2. IWL
3.2.1. Sociodemographic Factors and IWL
3.2.2. Lifestyle and IWL
3.2.3. Somatic Health and IWL
3.2.4. Mental Health and IWL
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Men and Women (n = 4525) | Men (n = 2147) | Women (n = 2378) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Determinants | n | Mean (SD) or % | n | Mean (SD) or % | n | Mean (SD) or % |
Dieting | ||||||
Dieting attempts * (%) | 4525 | 31.8 | 2147 | 24.2 | 2378 | 38.6 |
IWL * (%) | 4525 | 13.0 | 2147 | 10.4 | 2378 | 15.3 |
Socio-demographic factors | ||||||
Age (years) | 4525 | 47.9 (10.7) | 2147 | 47.7 (10.6) | 2378 | 48.0 (10.8) |
High education (%) | 4513 | 32.4 | 2141 | 26.6 | 2372 | 37.6 |
Lifestyle related factors | ||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 4525 | 26.8 (4.68) | 2147 | 27.1 (4.12) | 2378 | 26.5 (5.11) |
FFMI (fat free mass kg/m2) | 4382 | 19.3 (2.41) | 2095 | 21.0 (1.90) | 2287 | 17.8 (1.70) |
Regular vigorous training (%) | 4498 | 19.1 | 2133 | 22.2 | 2365 | 16.2 |
Sitting time (min/day) | 4363 | 340 (169) | 2082 | 340 (176) | 2281 | 340 (162) |
Current smoking (%) | 4510 | 30.2 | 2140 | 35.5 | 2370 | 25.3 |
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 4221 | 2304 (791) | 1975 | 2408 (827) | 2246 | 2213 (746) |
AHEI (score) (range 7–35) | 4221 | 21.2 (4.94) | 1975 | 21.1 (4.96) | 2246 | 21.3 (4.91) |
Daily consuming sweets, chocolate, cookies, dried fruits or sugar-sweetened drinks (%) | 4513 | 22.5 | 2143 | 26.7 | 2370 | 18.7 |
Sleep duration (hours) | 4224 | 7.46 (1.04) | 1981 | 7.33 (1.02) | 2243 | 7.57 (1.05) |
Somatic health | ||||||
Fs-triglycerides (mmol/L) | 4510 | 1.57 (1.06) | 2142 | 1.83 (1.31) | 2368 | 1.33 (0.69) |
Fs-HDL (mmol/L) | 4510 | 1.34 (0.38) | 2142 | 1.21 (0.33) | 2368 | 1.45 (0.38) |
Elevated blood pressure † (%) | 4525 | 55.9 | 2147 | 64.4 | 2378 | 48.2 |
T2D (%) | 4525 | 3.54 | 2147 | 3.87 | 2378 | 3.24 |
Osteoarthritis (%) | 4467 | 4.88 | 2131 | 5.21 | 2336 | 4.58 |
Psychological factors | ||||||
SOC (mean score) (range 1–7) | 4314 | 5.48 (0.80) | 2023 | 5.50 (0.81) | 2291 | 5.46 (0.80) |
Concerns about one’s appearance (%) | 4471 | 16.6 | 2127 | 11.1 | 2344 | 21.6 |
Concerns about one’s health (%) | 4480 | 30.9 | 2125 | 28.1 | 2355 | 33.3 |
Men and Women (n = 4525) | Men (n = 2147) | Women (n = 2378) | p for Inter-Action by Sex | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age and Sex-Adjusted | Full Model * | Age-Adjusted | Full Model * | Age-Adjusted | Full Model * | |||||||||||
Determinants | n | (%) | n | OR | 95% CI | n | (%) | n | OR | 95% CI | n | (%) | n | OR | 95% CI | |
Socio-demographic factors | ||||||||||||||||
Age (years) | 4525 | 3749 | 2147 | 1780 | 2378 | 1969 | 0.02 | |||||||||
30–39 | 1227 | 31.6 | 1055 | 1 | 583 | 21.4 | 489 | 1 | 644 | 40.7 | 566 | 1 | ||||
40–49 | 1327 | 33.8 | 1119 | 0.83 | 0.68–1.02 | 629 | 26.9 | 535 | 1.07 | 0.77–1.49 | 698 | 40.1 | 584 | 0.70 | 0.54–0.92 | |
50–59 | 1176 | 32.9 | 970 | 0.58 | 0.46–0.72 | 574 | 24.7 | 475 | 0.63 | 0.43–0.90 | 602 | 40.4 | 495 | 0.54 | 0.40–0.74 | |
60–69 | 795 | 27.0 | 605 | 0.45 | 0.34–0.60 | 361 | 23.3 | 281 | 0.63 | 0.41–0.99 | 434 | 30.6 | 324 | 0.37 | 0.25–0.55 | |
p for trend † | 0.14 | 0.40 | 0.009 | |||||||||||||
Education (%) | 4513 | 3749 | 2141 | 1780 | 2372 | 1969 | 0.37 | |||||||||
Low | 1450 | 29.8 | 1108 | 1 | 691 | 22.1 | 530 | 1 | 759 | 36.9 | 578 | 1 | ||||
Intermediate | 1603 | 30.9 | 1366 | 1.10 | 0.90–1.35 | 881 | 23.1 | 753 | 1.10 | 0.80–1.50 | 722 | 38.3 | 613 | 1.13 | 0.86–1.48 | |
High | 1460 | 34.8 | 1275 | 1.39 | 1.12–1.72 | 569 | 28.5 | 497 | 1.63 | 1.15–2.31 | 891 | 40.4 | 778 | 1.26 | 0.96–1.65 | |
p for heterogeneity | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.39 | |||||||||||||
Lifestyle related factors | ||||||||||||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 4525 | 3749 | 2147 | 1780 | 2378 | 1969 | <0.0001 | |||||||||
<25 | 1746 | 14.8 | 1455 | 1 | 692 | 6.28 | 569 | 1 | 1054 | 22.2 | 886 | 1 | ||||
25–29.9 | 1805 | 36.2 | 1517 | 2.52 | 1.99–3.19 | 1010 | 26.2 | 854 | 4.17 | 2.69–6.47 | 795 | 45.7 | 663 | 2.20 | 1.64–2.95 | |
≥30 | 974 | 54.1 | 777 | 4.24 | 3.03–5.93 | 445 | 47.6 | 357 | 9.54 | 5.33–17.1 | 529 | 60.5 | 420 | 2.81 | 1.83–4.31 | |
p for trend † | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||||||||
FFMI quintiles ‡ (fat free mass kg/m2) | 4382 | 3749 | 2095 | 1780 | 2287 | 1969 | 0.001 | |||||||||
1st (lowest) | 875 | 12.8 | 752 | 1 | 419 | 6.24 | 344 | 1 | 456 | 18.3 | 408 | 1 | ||||
2nd | 877 | 24.1 | 745 | 1.54 | 1.16–2.05 | 419 | 17.9 | 357 | 1.95 | 1.15–3.31 | 458 | 29.5 | 388 | 1.43 | 1.01–2.02 | |
3rd | 876 | 32.0 | 754 | 1.55 | 1.16–2.08 | 419 | 21.9 | 369 | 1.66 | 0.97–2.86 | 457 | 41.3 | 385 | 1.60 | 1.11–2.30 | |
4th | 876 | 40.1 | 753 | 1.64 | 1.18–2.26 | 419 | 31.7 | 361 | 2.03 | 1.14–3.60 | 457 | 48.0 | 392 | 1.45 | 0.97–2.17 | |
5th | 878 | 50.4 | 745 | 1.08 | 0.72–1.62 | 419 | 43.5 | 349 | 1.49 | 0.76–2.92 | 459 | 57.4 | 396 | 0.82 | 0.48–1.40 | |
p for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||||||||
Leisure-time physical activity | 4498 | 3749 | 2133 | 1780 | 2365 | 1969 | 0.38 | |||||||||
Low | 1108 | 29.4 | 900 | 1 | 543 | 21.3 | 439 | 1 | 565 | 36.9 | 461 | 1 | ||||
Moderate | 2533 | 31.9 | 2097 | 1.40 | 1.15–1.70 | 1117 | 25.1 | 919 | 1.61 | 1.17–2.22 | 1416 | 38.1 | 1178 | 1.28 | 0.99–1.64 | |
Regular vigorous training | 857 | 35.2 | 752 | 1.65 | 1.29–2.09 | 473 | 25.9 | 422 | 1.70 | 1.18–2.47 | 384 | 43.9 | 330 | 1.69 | 1.22–2.34 | |
p for heterogeneity | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.07 | |||||||||||||
Sitting time tertiles § (min/day) | 4363 | 3749 | 2082 | 1780 | 2281 | 1969 | 0.45 | |||||||||
1st (lowest) | 1444 | 29.2 | 1211 | 1 | 677 | 22.0 | 557 | 1 | 767 | 35.7 | 654 | 1 | ||||
2nd | 1418 | 30.5 | 1225 | 1.06 | 0.88–1.28 | 693 | 22.7 | 604 | 1.12 | 0.82–1.52 | 725 | 37.7 | 621 | 1.07 | 0.83–1.37 | |
3rd | 1501 | 35.8 | 1313 | 1.30 | 1.08–1.57 | 712 | 28.1 | 619 | 1.48 | 1.09–2.02 | 789 | 42.7 | 694 | 1.20 | 0.94–1.53 | |
p for trend | 0.0001 | 0.008 | 0.004 | |||||||||||||
Smoking | 4510 | 3749 | 2140 | 1780 | 2370 | 1969 | 0.60 | |||||||||
Never | 2207 | 31.2 | 1860 | 1 | 779 | 23.3 | 663 | 1 | 1428 | 38.5 | 1197 | 1 | ||||
Former smoker | 943 | 39.7 | 788 | 1.28 | 1.05–1.56 | 601 | 30.5 | 501 | 1.06 | 0.78–1.43 | 342 | 48.0 | 287 | 1.42 | 1.07–1.89 | |
Current smoker | 1360 | 27.2 | 1101 | 0.88 | 0.73–1.07 | 760 | 19.9 | 616 | 0.83 | 0.61–1.12 | 600 | 33.6 | 485 | 0.88 | 0.69–1.13 | |
p for heterogeneity | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||||||||
Energy intake quintiles ‖ (kcal/day) | 4221 | 3749 | 1975 | 1780 | 2246 | 1969 | 0.26 | |||||||||
1st (lowest) | 844 | 37.0 | 735 | 1 | 395 | 28.8 | 351 | 1 | 449 | 44.0 | 384 | 1 | ||||
2nd | 844 | 33.3 | 755 | 0.86 | 0.68–1.09 | 395 | 28.6 | 358 | 1.15 | 0.80–1.65 | 449 | 37.4 | 397 | 0.68 | 0.50–0.94 | |
3rd | 844 | 30.1 | 743 | 0.74 | 0.58–0.94 | 395 | 21.8 | 349 | 0.75 | 0.51–1.10 | 449 | 37.4 | 394 | 0.73 | 0.53–1.00 | |
4th | 844 | 30.9 | 758 | 0.76 | 0.60–0.96 | 395 | 23.3 | 357 | 0.79 | 0.54–1.16 | 449 | 37.6 | 401 | 0.74 | 0.54–1.01 | |
5th | 845 | 28.9 | 758 | 0.60 | 0.47–0.77 | 395 | 20.3 | 365 | 0.62 | 0.42–0.92 | 450 | 36.7 | 393 | 0.59 | 0.43–0.83 | |
p for trend | 0.0002 | 0.001 | 0.05 | |||||||||||||
AHEI quintiles ¶ | 4221 | 3749 | 1975 | 1780 | 2246 | 1969 | 0.67 | |||||||||
1st (lowest) | 759 | 22.9 | 653 | 1 | 373 | 15.8 | 323 | 1 | 386 | 29.2 | 330 | 1 | ||||
2nd | 835 | 27.6 | 742 | 1.37 | 1.05–1.78 | 390 | 20.0 | 354 | 1.37 | 0.89–2.11 | 445 | 34.4 | 388 | 1.35 | 0.96–1.89 | |
3rd | 970 | 31.4 | 870 | 1.45 | 1.13–1.88 | 436 | 25.2 | 393 | 1.70 | 1.12–2.58 | 534 | 36.9 | 477 | 1.32 | 0.95–1.83 | |
4th | 787 | 34.9 | 704 | 1.70 | 1.31–2.23 | 369 | 27.4 | 338 | 1.80 | 1.17–2.77 | 418 | 41.5 | 366 | 1.60 | 1.13–2.26 | |
5th | 870 | 42.2 | 780 | 2.26 | 1.74–2.95 | 407 | 33.7 | 372 | 2.18 | 1.43–3.33 | 463 | 49.8 | 408 | 2.29 | 1.62–3.23 | |
p for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||||||||
Daily consuming certain sugary products ** | 4513 | 3749 | 2143 | 1780 | 2370 | 1969 | 0.23 | |||||||||
No | 3499 | 33.9 | 2925 | 1 | 1571 | 26.1 | 1310 | 1 | 1928 | 41.0 | 1615 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 1014 | 24.2 | 824 | 0.73 | 0.60–0.89 | 572 | 18.9 | 470 | 0.85 | 0.63–1.13 | 442 | 28.4 | 354 | 0.61 | 0.46–0.81 | |
p for heterogeneity | <0.0001 | 0.0007 | <0.0001 | |||||||||||||
Sleep duration (hours) | 4224 | 3749 | 1981 | 1780 | 2243 | 1969 | 0.01 | |||||||||
≤6 | 583 | 34.6 | 491 | 1 | 316 | 30.7 | 266 | 1 | 267 | 37.5 | 225 | 1 | ||||
7–8 | 3170 | 31.8 | 2866 | 0.84 | 0.67–1.05 | 1509 | 23.3 | 1381 | 0.60 | 0.44–0.83 | 1661 | 39.3 | 1485 | 1.13 | 0.82–1.56 | |
≥9 | 471 | 30.9 | 392 | 0.78 | 0.57–1.07 | 156 | 25.5 | 133 | 0.72 | 0.43–1.22 | 315 | 36.0 | 259 | 0.94 | 0.62–1.42 | |
p for heterogeneity | 0.34 | 0.02 | 0.50 | |||||||||||||
Somatic health | ||||||||||||||||
Fs-triglycerides (mmol/L) | 4510 | 3749 | 2142 | 1780 | 2368 | 1969 | 0.59 | |||||||||
<1.7 | 3095 | 27.9 | 2584 | 1 | 1267 | 20.0 | 1044 | 1 | 1828 | 35.1 | 1540 | 1 | ||||
≥1.7 | 1415 | 40.2 | 1165 | 1.20 | 1.00–1.44 | 875 | 30.4 | 736 | 1.05 | 0.81–1.37 | 540 | 50.5 | 429 | 1.40 | 1.07–1.82 | |
p for heterogeneity | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||||||||
Fs-HDL (mmol/L) | 4510 | 3749 | 2142 | 1780 | 2368 | 1969 | 0.56 | |||||||||
≥1.03 in men or ≥1.29 in women | 2968 | 27.8 | 2478 | 1 | 1477 | 21.2 | 1235 | 1 | 1491 | 33.8 | 1243 | 1 | ||||
<1.03 in men or <1.29 in women | 1542 | 39.3 | 1271 | 1.18 | 0.99–1.40 | 665 | 30.9 | 545 | 1.02 | 0.77–1.35 | 877 | 46.7 | 726 | 1.27 | 1.02–1.58 | |
p for heterogeneity | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||||||||
Elevated blood pressure †† | 4525 | 3749 | 2147 | 1780 | 2378 | 1969 | 0.12 | |||||||||
No | 1995 | 27.5 | 1691 | 1 | 764 | 19.9 | 642 | 1 | 1231 | 34.1 | 1049 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 2530 | 35.1 | 2058 | 0.97 | 0.82–1.16 | 1383 | 26.6 | 1138 | 0.98 | 0.75–1.29 | 1147 | 43.4 | 920 | 0.99 | 0.78–1.24 | |
p for heterogeneity | <0.0001 | 0.0007 | <0.0001 | |||||||||||||
T2D | 4525 | 3749 | 2147 | 1780 | 2378 | 1969 | 0.02 | |||||||||
No | 4365 | 31.1 | 3633 | 1 | 2064 | 23.3 | 1715 | 1 | 2301 | 38.1 | 1918 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 160 | 51.1 | 116 | 1.43 | 0.94–2.19 | 83 | 46.9 | 65 | 2.13 | 1.20–3.78 | 77 | 54.2 | 51 | 0.86 | 0.46–1.61 | |
p for heterogeneity | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.005 | |||||||||||||
Knee or hip osteoarthritis | 4467 | 3749 | 2131 | 1780 | 2336 | 1969 | 0.26 | |||||||||
No | 4249 | 31.3 | 3582 | 1 | 2020 | 23.5 | 1702 | 1 | 2229 | 38.3 | 1880 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 218 | 41.4 | 167 | 0.92 | 0.63–1.34 | 111 | 34.9 | 78 | 0.96 | 0.54–1.69 | 107 | 47.0 | 89 | 0.89 | 0.54–1.45 | |
p for heterogeneity | 0.002 | 0.008 | 0.08 | |||||||||||||
Psychological factors | ||||||||||||||||
SOC quartiles ‡‡ | 4314 | 3749 | 2023 | 1780 | 2291 | 1969 | 0.79 | |||||||||
1st (highest) | 1133 | 28.8 | 1003 | 1 | 543 | 23.4 | 500 | 1 | 590 | 33.4 | 503 | 1 | ||||
2nd | 1127 | 30.5 | 1007 | 0.99 | 0.80–1.22 | 558 | 22.6 | 502 | 0.95 | 0.68–1.32 | 569 | 37.7 | 505 | 1.07 | 0.81–1.41 | |
3rd | 1045 | 33.5 | 923 | 1.07 | 0.86–1.33 | 428 | 25.9 | 377 | 0.95 | 0.66–1.35 | 617 | 40.1 | 546 | 1.18 | 0.89–1.55 | |
4th (lowest) | 1009 | 36.8 | 816 | 1.45 | 1.15–1.82 | 494 | 27.7 | 401 | 1.40 | 0.98–1.99 | 515 | 45.0 | 415 | 1.47 | 1.08–2.00 | |
p for trend | <0.0001 | 0.06 | <0.0001 | |||||||||||||
Concerns about one’s appearance | 4471 | 3749 | 2127 | 1780 | 2344 | 1969 | 0.59 | |||||||||
Does not feel that looks any worse than used to | 3729 | 30.3 | 3144 | 1 | 1891 | 23.1 | 1603 | 1 | 1838 | 36.8 | 1541 | 1 | ||||
Concerns about one’s appearance | 742 | 40.1 | 605 | 1.27 | 1.03–1.58 | 236 | 33.4 | 177 | 1.29 | 0.87–1.93 | 506 | 46.2 | 428 | 1.29 | 1.00–1.66 | |
p for heterogeneity | <0.0001 | 0.0006 | 0.0001 | |||||||||||||
Concerns about one’s health | 4480 | 3749 | 2125 | 1780 | 2355 | 1969 | 0.18 | |||||||||
Not worried about their health more than usually | 3097 | 29.1 | 2617 | 1 | 1527 | 21.7 | 1296 | 1 | 1570 | 35.8 | 1321 | 1 | ||||
Concerns about one’s health | 1383 | 38.2 | 1132 | 1.21 | 1.02–1.43 | 598 | 30.7 | 484 | 1.37 | 1.04–1.81 | 785 | 44.9 | 648 | 1.17 | 0.94–1.47 | |
p for heterogeneity | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Men and Women (n = 4525) | Men (n = 2147) | Women (n = 2378) | p for Inter-Action by Sex | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age and Sex-Adjusted | Full Model * | Age-Adjusted | Full Model * | Age-Adjusted | Full Model * | |||||||||||
Determinants | n | (%) | n | OR | 95% CI | n | (%) | n | OR | 95% CI | n | (%) | n | OR | 95% CI | |
Socio-demographic factors | ||||||||||||||||
Age (years) | 4525 | 3749 | 2147 | 1780 | 2378 | 1969 | 0.05 | |||||||||
30–39 | 1227 | 14.8 | 1055 | 1 | 583 | 9.43 | 489 | 1 | 644 | 19.6 | 566 | 1 | ||||
40–49 | 1327 | 13.7 | 1119 | 0.75 | 0.58–0.97 | 629 | 11.9 | 535 | 1.05 | 0.69–1.60 | 698 | 15.3 | 584 | 0.58 | 0.42–0.82 | |
50–59 | 1176 | 13.1 | 970 | 0.62 | 0.46–0.83 | 574 | 10.3 | 475 | 0.68 | 0.42–1.09 | 602 | 15.6 | 495 | 0.56 | 0.38–0.82 | |
60–69 | 795 | 8.70 | 605 | 0.42 | 0.29–0.62 | 361 | 9.42 | 281 | 0.64 | 0.35–1.15 | 434 | 8.29 | 324 | 0.32 | 0.19–0.53 | |
p for trend † | 0.0002 | 0.83 | <0.0001 | |||||||||||||
Education (%) | 4513 | 3749 | 2141 | 1780 | 2372 | 1969 | 0.23 | |||||||||
Low | 1450 | 11.3 | 1108 | 1 | 691 | 9.67 | 530 | 1 | 759 | 13.0 | 578 | 1 | ||||
Intermediate | 1603 | 12.6 | 1366 | 1.14 | 0.87–1.50 | 881 | 9.43 | 753 | 1.03 | 0.68–1.56 | 722 | 15.8 | 613 | 1.27 | 0.89–1.81 | |
High | 1460 | 15.0 | 1275 | 1.40 | 1.07–1.85 | 569 | 12.7 | 497 | 1.53 | 0.97–2.40 | 891 | 16.8 | 778 | 1.35 | 0.95–1.92 | |
p for heterogeneity | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.13 | |||||||||||||
Lifestyle related factors | ||||||||||||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 4525 | 3749 | 2147 | 1780 | 2378 | 1969 | 0.01 | |||||||||
<25 | 1746 | 7.37 | 1455 | 1 | 692 | 3.83 | 569 | 1 | 1054 | 10.2 | 886 | 1 | ||||
25–29.9 | 1805 | 14.3 | 1517 | 1.30 | 0.95–1.78 | 1010 | 11.9 | 854 | 3.07 | 1.71–5.50 | 795 | 16.4 | 663 | 0.86 | 0.58–1.27 | |
≥30 | 974 | 20.4 | 777 | 1.49 | 0.97–2.30 | 445 | 17.1 | 357 | 4.44 | 2.03–9.67 | 529 | 23.7 | 420 | 0.87 | 0.51–1.49 | |
p for trend † | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||||||||
FFMI quintiles (fat free mass kg/m2) ‡ | 4382 | 3749 | 2095 | 1780 | 2287 | 1969 | 0.53 | |||||||||
1st (lowest) | 875 | 5.68 | 752 | 1 | 419 | 3.80 | 344 | 1 | 456 | 6.99 | 408 | 1 | ||||
2nd | 877 | 9.62 | 745 | 1.45 | 0.98–2.15 | 419 | 7.63 | 357 | 1.35 | 0.68–2.70 | 458 | 11.2 | 388 | 1.59 | 0.98–2.57 | |
3rd | 876 | 13.0 | 754 | 1.62 | 1.10–2.40 | 419 | 10.3 | 369 | 1.58 | 0.80–3.13 | 457 | 15.5 | 385 | 1.77 | 1.09–2.90 | |
4th | 876 | 16.4 | 753 | 1.95 | 1.29–2.95 | 419 | 14.4 | 361 | 2.00 | 0.99–4.05 | 457 | 18.4 | 392 | 1.99 | 1.18–3.36 | |
5th | 878 | 20.0 | 745 | 1.59 | 0.96–2.64 | 419 | 15.7 | 349 | 1.13 | 0.48–2.66 | 459 | 24.4 | 396 | 2.20 | 1.14–4.25 | |
p for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||||||||
Leisure-time physical activity | 4498 | 3749 | 2133 | 1780 | 2365 | 1969 | 0.84 | |||||||||
Low | 1108 | 11.2 | 900 | 1 | 543 | 9.18 | 439 | 1 | 565 | 13.1 | 461 | 1 | ||||
Moderate | 2533 | 13.4 | 2097 | 1.35 | 1.04–1.74 | 1117 | 10.8 | 919 | 1.45 | 0.96–2.19 | 1416 | 15.8 | 1178 | 1.30 | 0.94–1.81 | |
Regular vigorous training | 857 | 14.1 | 752 | 1.31 | 0.96–1.79 | 473 | 11.0 | 422 | 1.39 | 0.85–2.26 | 384 | 17.1 | 330 | 1.31 | 0.86–1.99 | |
p for heterogeneity | 0.10 | 0.55 | 0.19 | |||||||||||||
Sitting time tertiles § (min/day) | 4363 | 3749 | 2082 | 1780 | 2281 | 1969 | 0.48 | |||||||||
1st (lowest) | 1444 | 11.2 | 1211 | 1 | 677 | 8.71 | 557 | 1 | 767 | 13.3 | 654 | 1 | ||||
2nd | 1418 | 12.8 | 1225 | 1.18 | 0.92–1.52 | 693 | 10.3 | 604 | 1.40 | 0.93–2.12 | 725 | 15.2 | 621 | 1.10 | 0.79–1.52 | |
3rd | 1501 | 15.2 | 1313 | 1.38 | 1.08–1.77 | 712 | 11.9 | 619 | 1.58 | 1.04–2.40 | 789 | 18.2 | 694 | 1.30 | 0.96–1.78 | |
p for trend | 0.001 | 0.05 | 0.008 | |||||||||||||
Smoking | 4510 | 3749 | 2140 | 1780 | 2370 | 1969 | 0.64 | |||||||||
Never | 2207 | 11.5 | 1860 | 1 | 779 | 8.16 | 663 | 1 | 1428 | 14.6 | 1197 | 1 | ||||
Former smoker | 943 | 17.1 | 788 | 1.45 | 1.13–1.88 | 601 | 13.7 | 501 | 1.38 | 0.91–2.09 | 342 | 19.4 | 287 | 1.48 | 1.05–2.09 | |
Current smoker | 1360 | 12.5 | 1101 | 1.25 | 0.98–1.59 | 760 | 9.87 | 616 | 1.46 | 0.98–2.17 | 600 | 14.7 | 485 | 1.10 | 0.80–1.50 | |
p for heterogeneity | 0.0001 | 0.004 | 0.08 | |||||||||||||
Energy intake quintiles ‖ (kcal/day) | 4221 | 3749 | 1975 | 1780 | 2246 | 1969 | 0.56 | |||||||||
1st (lowest) | 844 | 15.6 | 735 | 1 | 395 | 12.7 | 351 | 1 | 449 | 17.9 | 384 | 1 | ||||
2nd | 844 | 13.2 | 755 | 0.81 | 0.60–1.10 | 395 | 11.7 | 358 | 1.10 | 0.68–1.78 | 449 | 14.4 | 397 | 0.65 | 0.44–0.97 | |
3rd | 844 | 12.4 | 743 | 0.78 | 0.57–1.06 | 395 | 8.63 | 349 | 0.80 | 0.47–1.34 | 449 | 15.6 | 394 | 0.76 | 0.52–1.13 | |
4th | 844 | 13.5 | 758 | 0.87 | 0.64–1.18 | 395 | 10.8 | 357 | 0.96 | 0.58–1.59 | 449 | 16.0 | 401 | 0.77 | 0.52–1.14 | |
5th | 845 | 10.6 | 758 | 0.66 | 0.48–0.91 | 395 | 9.04 | 365 | 0.88 | 0.52–1.47 | 450 | 12.3 | 393 | 0.55 | 0.36–0.84 | |
p for trend | 0.008 | 0.10 | 0.07 | |||||||||||||
AHEI quintiles ¶ | 4221 | 3749 | 1975 | 1780 | 2246 | 1969 | 0.70 | |||||||||
1st (lowest) | 759 | 8.53 | 653 | 1 | 373 | 6.85 | 323 | 1 | 386 | 9.95 | 330 | 1 | ||||
2nd | 835 | 10.6 | 742 | 1.35 | 0.94–1.94 | 390 | 7.61 | 354 | 1.11 | 0.61–2.02 | 445 | 13.2 | 388 | 1.50 | 0.95–2.37 | |
3rd | 970 | 12.4 | 870 | 1.36 | 0.96–1.92 | 436 | 10.6 | 393 | 1.37 | 0.78–2.41 | 534 | 14.1 | 477 | 1.35 | 0.87–2.10 | |
4th | 787 | 14.1 | 704 | 1.59 | 1.11–2.27 | 369 | 12.0 | 338 | 1.65 | 0.93–2.92 | 418 | 15.9 | 366 | 1.48 | 0.93–2.37 | |
5th | 870 | 19.1 | 780 | 2.21 | 1.56–3.12 | 407 | 15.6 | 372 | 1.87 | 1.07–3.28 | 463 | 22.2 | 408 | 2.42 | 1.54–3.79 | |
p for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||||||||
Daily consuming certain sugary products ** | 4513 | 3749 | 2143 | 1780 | 2370 | 1969 | 1.00 | |||||||||
No | 3499 | 14.1 | 2925 | 1 | 1571 | 11.5 | 1310 | 1 | 1928 | 16.4 | 1615 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 1014 | 8.89 | 824 | 0.73 | 0.56–0.96 | 572 | 7.12 | 470 | 0.76 | 0.51–1.13 | 442 | 10.5 | 354 | 0.73 | 0.50–1.07 | |
p for heterogeneity | <0.0001 | 0.003 | 0.002 | |||||||||||||
Sleep duration (hours) | 4224 | 3749 | 1981 | 1780 | 2243 | 1969 | 0.03 | |||||||||
≤6 | 583 | 13.3 | 491 | 1 | 316 | 13.9 | 266 | 1 | 267 | 12.2 | 225 | 1 | ||||
7–8 | 3170 | 13.3 | 2866 | 0.93 | 0.69–1.25 | 1509 | 10.1 | 1381 | 0.63 | 0.42–0.95 | 1661 | 16.0 | 1485 | 1.33 | 0.85–2.06 | |
≥9 | 471 | 11.6 | 392 | 0.94 | 0.63–1.41 | 156 | 9.63 | 133 | 0.79 | 0.40–1.57 | 315 | 13.1 | 259 | 1.22 | 0.71–2.11 | |
p for heterogeneity | 0.60 | 0.13 | 0.14 | |||||||||||||
Somatic health | ||||||||||||||||
Fs-triglycerides (mmol/L) | 4510 | 3749 | 2142 | 1780 | 2368 | 1969 | 0.83 | |||||||||
<1.7 | 3095 | 12.2 | 2584 | 1 | 1267 | 9.70 | 1044 | 1 | 1828 | 14.4 | 1540 | 1 | ||||
≥1.7 | 1415 | 14.5 | 1165 | 0.85 | 0.67–1.07 | 875 | 11.3 | 736 | 0.81 | 0.57–1.15 | 540 | 18.2 | 429 | 0.95 | 0.68–1.32 | |
p for heterogeneity | 0.04 | 0.23 | 0.04 | |||||||||||||
Fs-HDL (mmol/L) | 4510 | 3749 | 2142 | 1780 | 2368 | 1969 | 0.67 | |||||||||
≥1.03 in men or ≥1.29 in women | 2968 | 11.2 | 2478 | 1 | 1477 | 9.41 | 1235 | 1 | 1491 | 12.8 | 1243 | 1 | ||||
<1.03 in men or <1.29 in women | 1542 | 16.2 | 1271 | 1.33 | 1.07–1.65 | 665 | 12.5 | 545 | 1.17 | 0.81–1.68 | 877 | 19.4 | 726 | 1.43 | 1.08–1.88 | |
p for heterogeneity | <0.0001 | 0.03 | <0.0001 | |||||||||||||
Elevated blood pressure †† | 4525 | 3749 | 2147 | 1780 | 2378 | 1969 | 0.77 | |||||||||
No | 1995 | 11.8 | 1691 | 1 | 764 | 10.0 | 642 | 1 | 1231 | 13.2 | 1049 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 2530 | 13.9 | 2058 | 1.02 | 0.81–1.27 | 1383 | 10.6 | 1138 | 0.86 | 0.60–1.23 | 1147 | 17.5 | 920 | 1.17 | 0.88–1.57 | |
p for heterogeneity | 0.05 | 0.68 | 0.008 | 0.28 | ||||||||||||
T2D | 4525 | 3749 | 2147 | 1780 | 2378 | 1969 | 0.11 | |||||||||
No | 4365 | 12.6 | 3633 | 1 | 2064 | 9.87 | 1715 | 1 | 2301 | 15.0 | 1918 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 160 | 23.0 | 116 | 1.60 | 0.99–2.58 | 83 | 23.2 | 65 | 2.16 | 1.13–4.15 | 77 | 22.2 | 51 | 1.07 | 0.52–2.21 | |
p for heterogeneity | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.09 | |||||||||||||
Knee or hip osteoarthritis | 4467 | 3749 | 2131 | 1780 | 2336 | 1969 | 0.03 | |||||||||
No | 4249 | 12.6 | 3582 | 1 | 2020 | 9.71 | 1702 | 1 | 2229 | 15.3 | 1880 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 218 | 20.3 | 167 | 1.53 | 0.99–2.38 | 111 | 21.5 | 78 | 2.27 | 1.21–4.29 | 107 | 18.6 | 89 | 1.04 | 0.55–1.96 | |
p for heterogeneity | 0.001 | 0.0001 | 0.36 | |||||||||||||
Psychological factors | ||||||||||||||||
SOC quartiles ‡‡ | 4314 | 3749 | 2023 | 1780 | 2291 | 1969 | 0.42 | |||||||||
1st (highest) | 1133 | 12.9 | 1003 | 1 | 543 | 11.2 | 500 | 1 | 590 | 14.3 | 503 | 1 | ||||
2nd | 1127 | 13.7 | 1007 | 1.00 | 0.76–1.30 | 558 | 11.3 | 502 | 1.03 | 0.68–1.56 | 569 | 16.0 | 505 | 1.00 | 0.70–1.43 | |
3rd | 1045 | 12.3 | 923 | 0.83 | 0.62–1.10 | 428 | 9.13 | 377 | 0.59 | 0.35–0.97 | 617 | 14.9 | 546 | 0.97 | 0.68–1.38 | |
4th (lowest) | 1009 | 13.5 | 816 | 1.06 | 0.79–1.42 | 494 | 10.6 | 401 | 0.99 | 0.63–1.58 | 515 | 16.1 | 415 | 1.09 | 0.74–1.61 | |
p for trend | 0.95 | 0.51 | 0.52 | |||||||||||||
Concerns about one’s appearance | 4471 | 3749 | 2127 | 1780 | 2344 | 1969 | 0.07 | |||||||||
Does not feel that looks any worse than used to | 3729 | 12.6 | 3144 | 1 | 1891 | 9.93 | 1603 | 1 | 1838 | 15.1 | 1541 | 1 | ||||
Concerns about one’s appearance | 742 | 15.4 | 605 | 1.10 | 0.84–1.44 | 236 | 14.5 | 177 | 1.53 | 0.93–2.53 | 506 | 16.8 | 428 | 0.97 | 0.70–1.34 | |
p for heterogeneity | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.35 | |||||||||||||
Concerns about one’s health | 4480 | 3749 | 2125 | 1780 | 2355 | 1969 | 0.93 | |||||||||
Not worried about their health more than usually | 3097 | 12.3 | 2617 | 1 | 1527 | 10.1 | 1296 | 1 | 1570 | 14.3 | 1321 | 1 | ||||
Concerns about one’s health | 1383 | 14.5 | 1132 | 1.00 | 0.80–1.25 | 598 | 11.3 | 484 | 0.91 | 0.62–1.34 | 785 | 17.3 | 648 | 1.10 | 0.83–1.46 | |
p for heterogeneity | 0.05 | 0.42 | 0.06 |
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Sares-Jäske, L.; Knekt, P.; Männistö, S.; Lindfors, O.; Heliövaara, M. Self-Report Dieters: Who Are They? Nutrients 2019, 11, 1789. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081789
Sares-Jäske L, Knekt P, Männistö S, Lindfors O, Heliövaara M. Self-Report Dieters: Who Are They? Nutrients. 2019; 11(8):1789. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081789
Chicago/Turabian StyleSares-Jäske, Laura, Paul Knekt, Satu Männistö, Olavi Lindfors, and Markku Heliövaara. 2019. "Self-Report Dieters: Who Are They?" Nutrients 11, no. 8: 1789. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081789