Low-Dose Curcumin Nanoparticles Normalise Blood Pressure in Male Wistar Rats with Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Curcumin Suspension and Nanoparticles
2.2. Rats and Diets
2.3. Measurements Before Euthanasia
2.4. Measurements After Euthanasia
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Body Parameters and Dietary Intakes
3.2. Metabolic Changes
3.3. Cardiovascular Changes
3.4. Liver Changes
3.5. Gut Structure and Microbiome
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | C | CC5 | CC100 | CCNP | CBNP | H | HC5 | HC100 | HCNP | HBNP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial body weight, g | 337 ± 1 | 338 ± 1 | 338 ± 1 | 338 ± 1 | 339 ± 1 | 338 ± 1 | 339 ± 1 | 337 ± 1 | 337 ± 1 | 339 ± 1 |
Final body weight, g | 393 ± 7 c | 388 ± 8 c | 380 ± 8 c | 403 ± 6 c | 380 ± 7 c | 514 ± 10 ab | 492 ± 9 b | 498 ± 9 b | 490 ± 6 b | 538 ± 16 a |
Body weight gain (weeks 9–16), % | 9.7 ± 1.0 b | 9.0 ± 1.4 b | 9.6 ± 0.9 b | 11.0 ± 1.1 b | 8.9 ± 1.0 b | 23.4 ± 1.0 a | 19.4 ± 1.3 a | 19.8 ± 1.5 a | 21.6 ± 1.3 a | 21.7 ± 1.7 a |
Final lean mass, g | 295 ± 5 | 289 ± 7 | 291 ± 8 | 288 ± 7 | 286 ± 8 | 320 ± 8 | 289 ± 6 | 291 ± 7 | 309 ± 11 | 303 ± 6 |
Final fat mass, g | 85 ± 7 c | 70 ± 7 c | 66 ± 6 c | 104 ± 4 c | 77 ± 7 c | 184 ± 10 b | 185 ± 14 b | 202 ± 13 b | 169 ± 9 b | 233 ± 14 a |
Water intake (weeks 9–16), mL/day | 31.9 ± 2.8 | 24.9 ± 1.2 | 28.5 ± 3.2 | 26.9 ± 1.6 | 30.6 ± 1.8 | 27.8 ± 1.1 | 31.6 ± 1.9 | 26.2 ± 1.2 | 31.3 ± 0.8 | 28.5 ± 1.5 |
Food intake (weeks 9–16), g/day | 39.1 ± 1.3 c | 39.1 ± 2.2 c | 38.5 ± 1.5 c | 49.7 ± 0.7 a | 44.8 ± 2.1 b | 27.9 ± 0.9 ef | 23.7 ± 0.7 f | 25.0 ± 0.9 f | 33.6 ± 1.3 d | 31.3 ± 1.9 de |
Energy intake (weeks 9–16), kJ/day | 439 ± 14 c | 432 ± 17 c | 446 ± 15 c | 559 ± 8 b | 512 ± 27 b | 588 ± 15b | 561 ± 15 b | 539 ± 14 b | 714 ± 23 a | 661 ± 37 a |
Feed efficiency (weeks 9–16), g/kJ | 0.07 ± 0.01 b | 0.07 ± 0.01 b | 0.07 ± 0.01 b | 0.07 ± 0.01 b | 0.06 ± 0.01 b | 0.15 ± 0.01 a | 0.13 ± 0.01 a | 0.15 ± 0.01 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a | 0.15 ± 0.01 a |
Retroperitoneal fat, mg/mm | 242 ± 13 d | 208 ± 15 d | 211 ± 10 d | 229 ± 13 d | 179 ± 17 d | 481 ± 27 b | 337 ± 37 c | 436 ± 22 b | 467 ± 22 b | 581 ± 39 a |
Epididymal fat, mg/mm | 76 ± 8 cd | 79 ± 8 cd | 68 ± 8 d | 68 ± 8 d | 77 ± 6 cd | 171 ± 13 b | 171 ± 17 b | 143 ± 13 b | 126 ± 11 bc | 244 ± 29 a |
Omental fat, mg/mm | 137 ± 10 c | 137 ± 12 c | 123 ± 7 c | 134 ± 7 c | 161 ± 20 c | 244 ± 14 ab | 224 ± 11 b | 219 ± 11 b | 219 ± 13 b | 278 ± 19 a |
Total abdominal fat, mg/mm | 455 ± 25 c | 423 ± 34 c | 402 ± 23 c | 432 ± 24 c | 417 ± 38 c | 895 ± 44 b | 827 ± 51 b | 797 ± 39 b | 813 ± 38 b | 1103 ± 70 a |
Left ventricle + septum weight, mg/mm | 23.8 ± 1.4 | 21.9 ± 0.7 | 21.0 ± 0.8 | 22.7 ± 1.1 | 19.9 ± 0.8 | 23.4 ± 0.8 | 22.5 ± 0.5 | 23.4 ± 1.0 | 23.4 ± 0.8 | 24.2 ± 1.0 |
Right ventricular weight, mg/mm | 5.1 ± 0.3 abc | 4.1 ± 0.3 cd | 4.7 ± 0.3 bc | 3.4 ± 0.3 d | 4.1 ± 0.5 cd | 5.7 ± 0.2 ab | 4.8 ± 0.3 abc | 4.9 ± 0.2 abc | 4.0 ± 0.2 cd | 5.9 ± 0.1 a |
Metabolic variables | ||||||||||
Heat, kcal | 3.87 ± 0.08 ab | 3.86 ± 0.09 ab | 3.48 ± 0.41 b | 2.70 ± 0.18 c | 3.39 ± 0.26 b | 4.34 ± 0.09 a | 4.22± 0.12 a | 4.28 ± 0.10 a | 3.26 ± 0.21 b | 3.45 ± 0.13 b |
RER | 1.03 ± 0.03 ab | 1.03 ± 0.10 ab | 1.04 ± 0.02 a | 1.03 ± 0.02 ab | 1.02 ± 0.02 ab | 0.91 ± 0.01 ab | 0.92 ± 0.01 ab | 0.90 ± 0.01 ab | 0.87 ± 0.02 b | 0.92 ± 0.01 ab |
Plasma triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.53 ± 0.06 b | 0.49 ± 0.07 b | 0.41 ± 0.03 b | 0.59 ± 0.06 b | 0.83 ± 0.15 b | 1.71 ± 0.45 a | 1.77 ± 0.56 a | 1.53 ± 0.06 a | 1.52 ± 0.15 a | 1.64 ± 0.21 a |
Plasma total cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.64 ± 0.08 ab | 1.45 ± 0.06 b | 1.44 ± 0.06 b | 1.60 ± 0.06 ab | 1.73 ± 0.13 ab | 1.53 ± 0.08 b | 1.71 ± 0.10 ab | 1.49 ± 0.09 b | 1.74 ± 0.05 ab | 1.93 ± 0.13 a |
Plasma non-esterified fatty acids, mmol/L | 1.40 ± 0.20 cd | 1.28 ± 0.09 cd | 0.96 ± 0.08 d | 1.58 ± 0.16 cd | 2.42 ± 0.33 bc | 3.30 ± 0.40 ab | 2.64 ± 0.68 bc | 4.03 ± 0.36 a | 3.73 ± 0.18 ab | 4.50 ± 0.63 a |
Basal blood glucose, mmol/L | 3.2 ± 0.1 c | 3.6 ± 0.1 bc | 3.2 ± 0.1 c | 3.9 ± 0.1 abc | 3.3 ± 0.2 c | 3.4 ± 0.2 bc | 3.9 ± 0.2 abc | 3.9 ± 0.4 abc | 4.5 ± 0.2 a | 4.2 ± 0.2 ab |
120-min blood glucose, mmol/L | 4.6 ± 0.4 bcd | 4.2 ± 0.1 cd | 3.7 ± 0.1 d | 4.5 ± 0.2 bcd | 3.6 ± 0.2 d | 6.0 ± 0.6 a | 5.1 ± 0.2 abc | 5.4 ± 0.3 abc | 4.3 ± 0.2 cd | 5.6 ± 0.4 ab |
Blood glucose area under the curve, mmol/L×min | 665 ± 8 ab | 591 ± 11 bc | 561 ± 18 c | 664 ± 14 ab | 560 ± 22 c | 739 ± 35 a | 695 ± 15 a | 673 ± 28 ab | 705 ± 14 a | 692 ± 42 a |
Plasma ALT activity, U/L | 36 ± 2 | 41 ± 4 | 40 ± 5 | 32 ± 3 | 32 ± 3 | 42 ± 2 | 47 ± 5 | 40 ± 3 | 41 ± 3 | 42 ± 4 |
Plasma AST activity, U/L | 88 ± 2 | 103 ± 6 | 90 ± 5 | 83 ± 3 | 87 ± 4 | 95 ± 2 | 105 ± 10 | 99 ± 9 | 88 ± 4 | 97 ± 10 |
Plasma curcumin concentrations, ng/ml | - | 97.4 ± 18.0 b | 337.7 ± 84.7 a | 199.7 ± 45.3 b | - | - | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 146.0 ± 21.2 b | 110.7 ± 17.8 b | - |
Liver inflammatory cells (cells/200µm2) | 5 ± 1 c | 6 ± 2 c | 5 ± 1 c | 5 ± 2 c | 5 ± 2 c | 23 ± 2 a | 15 ± 3 b | 16 ± 2 b | 15 ± 1 b | 16 ± 1 b |
Cardiovascular variables | ||||||||||
16 week systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 120 ± 4 b | 125 ± 1 b | 122 ± 2 b | 125 ± 2 b | 130 ± 3 b | 143 ± 5 a | 143 ± 4 a | 126 ± 4 b | 128 ± 4 b | 141 ± 3 a |
Left ventricular diastolic stiffness constant (κ) | 22.0 ± 0.8 b | 21.8 ± 0.6 b | 23.3 ± 0.9 b | 22.8 ± 0.8 b | 21.9 ± 0.5 b | 28.9 ± 0.8 a | 28.5 ± 0.7 a | 23.4 ± 1.1 b | 23.5 ± 0.7 b | 27.9 ± 0.9 a |
Left ventricle collagen area, % | 11 ± 1 c | 13 ± 1 c | 12 ± 1 c | 15 ± 1 c | 16 ± 1 c | 38 ± 2 a | 22 ± 2 b | 24 ± 2 b | 22 ± 2 b | 27 ± 1 b |
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du Preez, R.; Pahl, J.; Arora, M.; Ravi Kumar, M.N.V.; Brown, L.; Panchal, S.K. Low-Dose Curcumin Nanoparticles Normalise Blood Pressure in Male Wistar Rats with Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1542. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071542
du Preez R, Pahl J, Arora M, Ravi Kumar MNV, Brown L, Panchal SK. Low-Dose Curcumin Nanoparticles Normalise Blood Pressure in Male Wistar Rats with Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients. 2019; 11(7):1542. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071542
Chicago/Turabian Styledu Preez, Ryan, Jessica Pahl, Meenakshi Arora, M. N. V. Ravi Kumar, Lindsay Brown, and Sunil K. Panchal. 2019. "Low-Dose Curcumin Nanoparticles Normalise Blood Pressure in Male Wistar Rats with Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome" Nutrients 11, no. 7: 1542. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071542