Use of vitamin and mineral supplements among adolescents living in Germany—Results from EsKiMo II
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Study Population
2.2. Assessment of Supplement Use
2.3. Assessment of Other Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vitamin and/or Mineral Supplement Use | Prevalence 1 | Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis 1 |
---|---|---|
n = 1356 | n = 1223 | |
% (95% CI) | adjusted OR (95% CI) 2 | |
Total | 16.4 (13.0–19.7) | - |
Sex | ||
Girls | 18.8 (14.5–23.2) | Ref. |
Boys | 14.0 (9.9–18.1) | 0.60 (0.38–0.94) * |
Age group | ||
12–13 years | 14.4 (10.3–18.4) | 0.76 (0.46–1.26) |
14–15 years | 19.4 (13.2–25.5) | 1.30 (0.77–2.20) |
16–17 years | 15.2 (10.4–20.0) | Ref. |
Socio-economic status (SES) 3 | ||
Low | 12.3 (5.4–19.2) | 0.63 (0.26–1.53 |
Medium | 15.3 (11.7–19.0) | 0.66 (0.42–1.05) |
High | 22.3 (16.2–28.3) | Ref |
Type of school 4 | ||
Lower secondary school | 14.5 (10.9–18.1) | 0.84 (0.53–1.32) |
Upper secondary school | 19.2 (14.4–24.0) | Ref. |
Other school types | 13.4 (4.8–22.0) | 1.02 (0.40–2.59) |
Migration background 5 | ||
Yes | 15.4 (6.9–23.9) | 0.89 (0.48–1.67) |
No | 16.5 (13.2–19.9) | Ref. |
Region of residence | ||
North | 13.8 (8.5–19.0) | 0.74 (0.40–1.39) |
Middle | 16.7 (11.7–21.6) | 1.11 (0.62–1.96) |
South | 17.7 (11.2–24.3) | Ref. |
Community size | ||
<5000 inhabitants | 15.0 (8.5–21.5) | Ref. |
5000–<20,000 inhabitants | 19.9 (11.6–28.2) | 1.04 (0.52–2.09) |
20000–<100,000 inhabitants | 16.9 (10.9–22.9) | 0.83 (0.39–1.74) |
≥100,000 inhabitants | 13.4 (8.2–18.6) | 0.76 (0.36–1.63) |
Weight status | ||
Underweight | 20.7 (11.2–30.1) | 1.33 (0.73–2.41) |
Normal weight | 17.0 (13.1–21.0) | Ref |
Overweight | 9.3 (3.9–14.7) | 0.41 (0.21–0.79) * |
Physical Exercise | ||
<1 h/week | 11.5 (7.2–15.9) | 0.56 (0.33–0.95) * |
1–3 h/week | 14.8 (10.9–18.8) | 0.73 (0.47–1.12) |
>3 h/week | 19.9 (15.0–24.9) | Ref. |
Total | Supplement User | |
---|---|---|
n = 1356 | n = 234 | |
% (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | |
Type of supplement 2 | ||
Vitamin/s | 6.0 (4.3–7.7) | 36.9 (29.4–44.5) |
Mineral/s | 6.7 (4.5–8.8) | 40.8 (31.9–49.8) |
Combination of vitamin/s and mineral/s | 7.6 (5.5–9.7) | 46.4 (38.8–54.1) |
Number of supplements | ||
1 supplement | 11.9 (9.3–14.4) | 72.7 (64.8–80.6) |
>1 supplement | 4.5 (2.8–6.2) | 27.3 (19.4–35.2) |
Vitamins 1 | ||
Vitamin A | 1.2 (0.6–1.9) | 7.5 (3.7–11.9) |
Thiamin | 4.2 (2.7–5.7) | 25.6 (17.3–34.0) |
Riboflavin | 4.0 (2.5–5.5) | 24.2 (16.0–32.4) |
Niacin | 3.6 (2.1–5.1) | 22.3 (14.3–30.3) |
Pantothenic acid | 3.3 (2.0–4.6) | 20.5 (13.7–27.7) |
Vitamin B6 | 4.2 (2.8–5.5) | 25.7 (18.1–33.3) |
Biotin | 3.6 (2.3–5.0) | 22.2 (15.7–28.6) |
Folate | 4.1 (2.6–5.6) | 25.2 (17.6–32.8) |
Vitamin B12 | 5.0 (3.3–6.7) | 30.4 (22.1–38.7) |
Vitamin C | 7.2 (5.4–9.0) | 43.9 (35.8–52.1) |
Vitamin D | 6.7 (4.6–8.8) | 41.1 (32.6–49.5) |
Vitamin E | 3.6 (2.3–5.0) | 22.3 (15.1–29.6) |
Vitamin K | 0.9 (0.3–1.6) | 5.7 (2.3–9.2) |
Minerals 1 | ||
Calcium | 3.2 (1.6–4.9) | 19.8 (11.9–27.7) |
Copper | 1.5 (0.5–2.5) | 8.9 (3.1–14.6) |
Fluoride | 0.4 (0.0–0.9) | 2.3 (0.0–5.4) |
Iron | 3.9 (2.2–5.7) | 24.1 (15.1–33.0) |
Iodine | 1.4 (0.4–2.4) | 8.5 (2.7–14.4) |
Potassium | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) | 1.9 (0.5–3.4) |
Magnesium | 7.5 (5.1–9.9) | 45.9 (36.9–54.9) |
Manganese | 1.3 (0.4–2.2) | 17.5 (2.6–13.0) |
Molybdenum | 1.3 (0.4–2.3) | 8.2 (2.6–14.0) |
Sodium | 0.1 (0.0–0.2) | 0.7 (0.0–1.5) |
Phosphorus | 0.4 (0.0–0.9) | 2.7 (0.2–5.2) |
Selenium | 1.9 (0.8–2.9) | 11.5 (5.6–17.4) |
Zinc | 4.6 (2.9–6.3) | 28.1 (19.1–36.4) |
EsKiMo I | EsKiMo I | EsKiMo II | |
---|---|---|---|
n = 1267 | n = 1267 | n = 1356 | |
% (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | |
Weighted for 2004 | Weighted for 2015 | Weigthed for 2015 | |
Total | 18.5 (15.8–21.2) | 18.5 (15.8–21.2) | 16.4 (13.0–19.7) |
Girls | 19.3 (15.3–23.4) | 19.4 (15.3–23.5) | 18.8 (14.5–23.2) |
Boys | 17.7 (14.3–21.1) | 17.7 (14.3–21.1) | 14.0 (9.9–18.1) |
Type of supplement1 | |||
Vitamin/s | 6.2 (4.7–7.8) | 6.2 (4.7–7.8) | 6.0 (4.3–7.7) |
Mineral/s | 9.9 (7.6–12.2) | 9.9 (7.6–12.3) | 6.7 (4.5–8.8) |
Combination of vitamin/s and mineral/s | 6.1 (4.4–7.8) | 6.1 (4.4–7.8) | 7.6 (5.5–9.7) |
Number of supplements | |||
1 supplement | 13.6 (11.1–16.1) | 13.7 (11.2–16.2) | 11.9 (9.3–14.4) |
>1 supplement | 4.9 (3.2–6.5) | 4.9 (3.2–6.5) | 4.5 (2.8–6.2) |
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Perlitz, H.; Mensink, G.B.M.; Lage Barbosa, C.; Richter, A.; Brettschneider, A.-K.; Lehmann, F.; Patelakis, E.; Frank, M.; Heide, K.; Haftenberger, M. Use of vitamin and mineral supplements among adolescents living in Germany—Results from EsKiMo II. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061208
Perlitz H, Mensink GBM, Lage Barbosa C, Richter A, Brettschneider A-K, Lehmann F, Patelakis E, Frank M, Heide K, Haftenberger M. Use of vitamin and mineral supplements among adolescents living in Germany—Results from EsKiMo II. Nutrients. 2019; 11(6):1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061208
Chicago/Turabian StylePerlitz, Hanna, Gert B.M. Mensink, Clarissa Lage Barbosa, Almut Richter, Anna-Kristin Brettschneider, Franziska Lehmann, Eleni Patelakis, Melanie Frank, Karoline Heide, and Marjolein Haftenberger. 2019. "Use of vitamin and mineral supplements among adolescents living in Germany—Results from EsKiMo II" Nutrients 11, no. 6: 1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061208
APA StylePerlitz, H., Mensink, G. B. M., Lage Barbosa, C., Richter, A., Brettschneider, A.-K., Lehmann, F., Patelakis, E., Frank, M., Heide, K., & Haftenberger, M. (2019). Use of vitamin and mineral supplements among adolescents living in Germany—Results from EsKiMo II. Nutrients, 11(6), 1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061208