Maternal Experience of Domestic Violence, Associations with Children’s Lipid Biomarkers at 10 Years: Findings from MINIMat Study in Rural Bangladesh
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Pupulation
2.2. Data Collection and Measurements
2.2.1. Maternal and Child Characteristics
2.2.2. Explanatory Variables
Women’s Lifetime Experience of DV before Child’s Birth
Women’s Experience of DV after Child’s Birth
2.2.3. Outcome Variables
Children’s Lipid Biomarkers at 10 Years
2.3. Ethical Considerations
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
Effects of Maternal Experience of DV before and after Childbirth on Their Children’s Lipid Biomarkers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | n (%) or Mean ± SD (N = 1167) | Variable | n (%) or Mean ± SD (N = 1167) |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal characteristics at pregnancy week 8 | Child characteristics | ||
Age in years | 26.50 ± 5.9 | Sex (female) | 567 (48.8) |
BMI | 20.04 ± 2.6 | Age in years | 10.08 ± 0.1 |
Height | 149.84 ± 5.2 | Height (cm) | 129.53 ± 6.3 |
Education | Weight (Kg) | 23.97 ± 4.2 | |
None | 430 (36.8) | BMI (Kg/m2) | 14.20 ± 1.6 |
1–5 years | 264 (22.6) | Stunted | 306 (28.2) |
≥6 years | 473 (40.5) | Underweight | 414 (48.5) |
Lifetime experience of DV before child birth | |||
Any DV | 661 (56.6) | Level of lipid biomarkers | |
Any physical DV | 246 (21.1) | Apo A (g/l) | 1.25 ± 0.18 |
Any sexual DV | 312 (26.7) | Apo B (g/l) | 0.74 ± 0.16 |
Any emotional DV | 276 (23.7) | Apo B/Apo A | 0.61 ± 0.16 |
Any controlling behavior | 419 (35.9) | HDL (mmol/l) | 1.11 ± 0.23 |
LDL (mmol/l) | 1.90 ± 0.67 | ||
Experience of DV after child birth | LDL/HDL | 1.79 ± 0.73 | |
Any DV | 770 (66.0) | Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.77 ± 0.70 |
Any physical DV | 454 (38.9) | Triglycerides 1 (mmol/l) | 0.95 (0.32–4.10) |
Any sexual DV | 439 (37.6) | ||
Any emotional DV | 458 (39.2) | ||
Any controlling behavior | 388 (33.2) |
Maternal Experience of Any Lifetime DV | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biomarkers | Model | No Experience | Before Childbirth | After Childbirth | Both before and after Child Birth |
ß (95% CI) | ß (95% CI) | ß (95% CI) | |||
Apo A (g/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | −0.04 (−0.08, −0.01) * | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.00) * |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | −0.04 (−0.08, −0.01) * | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.00) | |
Apo B (g/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.00 (−0.03, 0.02) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.00 (−0.03, 0.02) | |
Apo B/Apo A | Unadjusted | Ref | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.05) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.04) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.05) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) | |
HDL (mmol/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | −0.04 (−0.09, 0.00) | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | −0.04 (−0.09, 0.00) | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | |
LDL (mmol/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | −0.00 (−0.14, 0.13) | −0.00 (−0.12, 0.12) | 0.03 (−0.08, 0.13) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.01 (−0.13, 0.14) | 0.01 (−0.11, 0.13) | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.15) | |
LDL/HDL | Unadjusted | Ref | 0.08 (−0.07, 0.22) | 0.03 (−0.10, 0.16) | 0.09 (−0.03, 0.20) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.09 (−0.06, 0.23) | 0.04 (−0.09, 0.17) | 0.10 (−0.02, 0.21) | |
Cholesterol (mmol/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | −0.07 (−0.20, 0.07) | −0.10 (−0.22, 0.03) | −0.04 (−0.15, 0.07) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | −0.05 (−0.20, 0.09) | −0.08 (−0.20, 0.04) | −0.02 (−0.14, 0.09) | |
Triglycerides 2 (mmol/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.10) | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.04) | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.07) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.10) | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.04) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.07) |
Maternal Experience of Any Physical DV | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biomarkers | Model | No Experience | Before Childbirth | After Childbirth | Both before and after Child Birth |
ß (95% CI) | ß (95% CI) | ß (95% CI) | |||
Apo A (g/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.02) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.00) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.00) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.02) | −0.02 (−0.04, 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | |
Apo B (g/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.01) | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.01) | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.03) | |
Apo B/Apo A | Unadjusted | Ref | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.06) | −0.00 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.04) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) | −0.00 (−0.03, 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) | |
HDL (mmol/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.02) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.00) | −0.04 (−0.08, 0.00) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.02) | |
LDL (mmol/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | 0.04 (−0.13, 0.20) | 0.04 (−0.06, 0.13) | 0.06 (−0.06, 0.17) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.05 (−0.12, 0.21) | 0.05 (−0.05, 0.15) | 0.07 (−0.05, 0.19) | |
LDL/HDL | Unadjusted | Ref | 0.10 (−0.08, 0.28) | 0.09 (−0.01, 0.19) | 0.13 (−0.01, 0.25) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.10 (−0.08, 0.28) | 0.09 (−0.02, 0.19) | 0.12 (−0.01, 0.25) | |
Cholesterol (mmol/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | −0.01(−0.18, 0.16) | −0.06 (−0.15, 0.04) | 0.01 (−0.11, 0.13) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.00 (−0.17, 0.18) | −0.04 (−0.14, 0.06) | 0.03 (−0.10, 0.15) | |
Triglycerides 2 (mmol/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | −0.01 (−0.10, 0.07) | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.06) | 0.08 (0.02, 0.14) ** |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | −0.02 (−0.11, 0.07) | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.06) | 0.07 (0.01, 0.14) * |
Maternal Experience of Any Sexual DV | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biomarkers | Model | No Experience | Before Childbirth | After Childbirth | Both before and after Child Birth |
ß (95% CI) | ß (95% CI) | ß (95% CI) | |||
Apo A (g/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.01) ** | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.01) ** | −0.00 (−0.03, 0.02) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) | |
Apo B (g/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | 0.03 (−0.00, 0.06) | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.04) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.03 (0.00, 0.06) * | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.04) | |
Apo B/Apo A | Unadjusted | Ref | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) | −0.00 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.04 (0.02, 0.07) | −0.00 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) | |
HDL (mmol/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | −0.05 (−0.10, −0.01) * | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.03) | −0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | −0.05 (−0.10, −0.01) ** | −0.00 (−0.03, 0.03) | −0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) | |
LDL (mmol/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | 0.16 (0.04, 0.29) ** | −0.03 (−0.12, 0.07) | 0.04 (−0.08, 0.15) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.17 (0.05, 0.29) ** | −0.02 (−0.12, 0.07) | 0.04 (−0.08, 0.16) | |
LDL/HDL | Unadjusted | Ref | 0.24 (0.11, 0.37) ** | −0.01 (−0.11, 0.10) | 0.04 (−0.09, 0.17) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.24 (0.11, 0.38) ** | −0.01 (−0.11, 0.10) | 0.04 (−0.09, 0.17) | |
Cholesterol (mmol/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | 0.04 (−0.08, 0.17) | −0.04 (−0.14, 0.06) | 0.08 (−0.04, 0.20) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.05 (−0.08, 0.17) | −0.03 (−0.14, 0.07) | 0.08 (−0.04, 0.20) | |
Triglycerides 2 (mmol/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | 0.06 (−0.01, 0.12) | −0.01 (−0.06, 0.04) | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.06) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.06 (−0.01, 0.12) | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.05) |
Maternal Experience of Any Controlling Behavior | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biomarkers | Model | No Experience | Before Childbirth | After Childbirth | Both before and after Child Birth |
ß (95% CI) | ß (95% CI) | ß (95% CI) | |||
Apo A (g/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | −0.02 (−0.04, 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.00) * |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | −0.02 (−0.04, 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.00) * | |
Apo B (g/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.00) | 0.00 (−0.02, 0.03) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.00) | 0.00 (−0.02, 0.03) | |
Apo B/Apo A | Unadjusted | Ref | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.01) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.04) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.04, 0.01) | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.04) | |
HDL (mmol/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.04 (−0.08, −0.00) * |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.02) | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.00) | |
LDL (mmol/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | −0.05 (−0.16, 0.05) | −0.18 (−0.29, −0.07) ** | 0.00 (−0.11, 0.11) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | −0.05 (−0.15, 0.06) | −0.17 (−0.28, −0.06) ** | 0.01 (−0.10, 0.12) | |
LDL/HDL | Unadjusted | Ref | −0.03 (−0.14, 0.08) | −0.13 (−0.25, −0.01) * | 0.08 (−0.04, 0.20) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | −0.02 (−0.14, 0.09) | −0.12 (−0.25, −0.00) * | 0.08 (−0.04, 0.20) | |
Cholesterol (mmol/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | −0.06 (−0.17, 0.05) | −0.14 (−0.25, −0.02) * | −0.05 (−0.16, 0.07) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | −0.05 (−0.16, 0.06) | −0.13 (−0.25, −0.02) * | −0.03 (−0.15, 0.08) | |
Triglycerides 2 (mmol/l) | Unadjusted | Ref | −0.00 (−0.06, 0.05) | −0.00 (−0.06, 0.06) | 0.02 (−0.04, 0.08) |
Adjusted 1 | Ref | −0.00 (−0.06, 0.05) | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.05) | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.07) |
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Ziaei, S.; Naved, R.T.; Rahman, A.; Raqib, R.; Ekström, E.-C. Maternal Experience of Domestic Violence, Associations with Children’s Lipid Biomarkers at 10 Years: Findings from MINIMat Study in Rural Bangladesh. Nutrients 2019, 11, 910. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040910
Ziaei S, Naved RT, Rahman A, Raqib R, Ekström E-C. Maternal Experience of Domestic Violence, Associations with Children’s Lipid Biomarkers at 10 Years: Findings from MINIMat Study in Rural Bangladesh. Nutrients. 2019; 11(4):910. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040910
Chicago/Turabian StyleZiaei, Shirin, Ruchira Tabassum Naved, Anisur Rahman, Rubhana Raqib, and Eva-Charlotte Ekström. 2019. "Maternal Experience of Domestic Violence, Associations with Children’s Lipid Biomarkers at 10 Years: Findings from MINIMat Study in Rural Bangladesh" Nutrients 11, no. 4: 910. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040910
APA StyleZiaei, S., Naved, R. T., Rahman, A., Raqib, R., & Ekström, E.-C. (2019). Maternal Experience of Domestic Violence, Associations with Children’s Lipid Biomarkers at 10 Years: Findings from MINIMat Study in Rural Bangladesh. Nutrients, 11(4), 910. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040910