Amaranth’s 2-Caffeoylisocitric Acid—An Anti-Inflammatory Caffeic Acid Derivative That Impairs NF-κB Signaling in LPS-Challenged RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Schröter, David; Neugart, Susanne; Schreiner, Monika; Grune, Tilman; Rohn, Sascha; Ott, Christiane

doi:10.3390/nu11030571

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Amaranth’s 2-Caffeoylisocitric Acid—An Anti-Inflammatory Caffeic Acid Derivative That Impairs NF-κB Signaling in LPS-Challenged RAW 264.7 Macrophages

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Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops e.V. (IGZ), 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany

Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany

Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany

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Institute of Nutrition, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

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Joint Lab PhaSe “Phytochemistry and Biofunctionality of Plant Secondary Metabolites” which is cooperated by affiliations IGZ, DIfE and University of Potsdam in Brandenburg, Germany.

Nutrients 2019, 11(3), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030571

Received: 23 January 2019 / Revised: 26 February 2019 / Accepted: 1 March 2019 / Published: 7 March 2019

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Abstract

For centuries, Amaranthus sp. were used as food, ornamentals, and medication. Molecular mechanisms, explaining the health beneficial properties of amaranth, are not yet understood, but have been attributed to secondary metabolites, such as phenolic compounds. One of the most abundant phenolic compounds in amaranth leaves is 2-caffeoylisocitric acid (C-IA) and regarding food occurrence, C-IA is exclusively found in various amaranth species. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory activity of C-IA, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid in LPS-challenged macrophages (RAW 264.7) has been investigated and cellular contents of the caffeic acid derivatives (CADs) were quantified in the cells and media. The CADs were quantified in the cell lysates in nanomolar concentrations, indicating a cellular uptake. Treatment of LPS-challenged RAW 264.7 cells with 10 µM of CADs counteracted the LPS effects and led to significantly lower mRNA and protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin 6, by directly decreasing the translocation of the nuclear factor κB/Rel-like containing protein 65 into the nucleus. This work provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms that attribute to amaranth’s anti-inflammatory properties and highlights C-IA’s potential as a health-beneficial compound for future research. View Full-Text

Keywords: inflammation; caffeic acid derivatives; RAW 264.7 macrophages; NF-κB; amaranth

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MDPI and ACS Style

Schröter, D.; Neugart, S.; Schreiner, M.; Grune, T.; Rohn, S.; Ott, C. Amaranth’s 2-Caffeoylisocitric Acid—An Anti-Inflammatory Caffeic Acid Derivative That Impairs NF-κB Signaling in LPS-Challenged RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Nutrients 2019, 11, 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030571

AMA Style

Schröter D, Neugart S, Schreiner M, Grune T, Rohn S, Ott C. Amaranth’s 2-Caffeoylisocitric Acid—An Anti-Inflammatory Caffeic Acid Derivative That Impairs NF-κB Signaling in LPS-Challenged RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Nutrients. 2019; 11(3):571. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030571

Chicago/Turabian Style

Schröter, David, Susanne Neugart, Monika Schreiner, Tilman Grune, Sascha Rohn, and Christiane Ott. 2019. "Amaranth’s 2-Caffeoylisocitric Acid—An Anti-Inflammatory Caffeic Acid Derivative That Impairs NF-κB Signaling in LPS-Challenged RAW 264.7 Macrophages" Nutrients 11, no. 3: 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030571

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Amaranth’s 2-Caffeoylisocitric Acid—An Anti-Inflammatory Caffeic Acid Derivative That Impairs NF-κB Signaling in LPS-Challenged RAW 264.7 Macrophages

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