Childhood Disability and Nutrition: Findings from a Population-Based Case Control Study in Rural Bangladesh
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Identification of Children with Disability
2.3. Selection of Controls
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Anthropometric Measurement
2.5.1. Weight Measurement
2.5.2. Height Measurement
3. Statistical Analysis
Ethical Consideration
4. Results
4.1. Nutritional Status of Children with Disability
4.2. Relationship between Socioeconomic Characteristics and Malnutrition (i.e., Underweight and/or Stunting)
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Children with Disability, n (%) | Children without Disability, n (%) | General Population (%) |
---|---|---|---|
n = 1274 | n = 1303 | ||
Age Group (Years) | |||
0–4 | 250 (19.6) | 286 (21.9) | 26.4 1 |
5–9 | 413 (32.4) | 389 (29.9) | 31.8 1 |
10–14 | 408 (32.0) | 538 (41.3) | 29.1 1 |
15–18 | 203 (15.9) | 90 (6.9) | 12.7 1 |
Sex | |||
Male | 718 (56.4) | 608 (46.7) | 51.8 1 |
Female | 556 (43.6) | 695 (53.3) | 48.2 1 |
Household Income and Expenditure | |||
Median (interquartile range) monthly household income, BDT ~ USD | 7000 (6000,10,000) ~ 83 (71,119) | 8000 (6000,12,000) ~ 95 (71,142) | 13,353 2 ~ 159 |
Median (interquartile range) monthly household expenditure, BDT ~ USD | 7000 (5500,10,000) ~ 83 (65,119) | 7500 (6000,10,000) ~ 89 (71,119) | 14,156 2 ~ 168 |
Types of Disability | |||
Physical impairment | 915 (71.8) | N/A | 36.4 3 |
Cerebral palsy (CP) | 796 (87.0) | N/A | N/A |
Birth defect | 68 (7.4) | N/A | N/A |
Genetic disease-related physical impairment | 32 (3.5) | N/A | N/A |
Trauma/injury-related physical impairment | 12 (1.3) | N/A | N/A |
Musculoskeletal dystrophy/atrophy | 7 (0.8) | N/A | N/A |
Visual | 154 (12.1) | N/A | 10.8 3 |
Hearing | 390 (30.6) | N/A | 6.4 3 |
Epilepsy | 179 (14.1) | N/A | N/A |
Speech | 853 (66.9) | N/A | 21.93 |
Characteristics | Children with Disability, n (%) | Children without Disability, n (%) | General Population, % | p Value 1 | p Value 2 | Adjusted Odds Ratio 7 (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 1274 | n = 1303 | |||||
Source of Drinking Water | ||||||
Improved source 4 | 1272 (99.8) | 1300 (100.0) | 98.2 3 | 0.364 | <0.001 | N/A |
Unimproved source 4 | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.8 3 | 0.364 | <0.001 | N/A |
Water Treatment Method (n = 1274) | ||||||
Appropriate 5 | 163 (12.8) | 156 (12.0) | 9.7 3 | 0.202 | <0.001 | Ref |
Inappropriate | 1111 (87.2) | 1144 (88.0) | N/A- | 0.202 | N/A | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) |
Access to Sanitation | ||||||
Flush/pour flush to proper disposal system | 488 (38.3) | 566 (43.6) | 15.8 3 | <0.001 | <0.001 | Ref |
Pit latrine with slab | 430 (33.8) | 465 (35.8) | 53.1 3 | 0.07 | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) |
Open pit latrine | 333 (26.1) | 258 (19.9) | 21.8 3 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.5 (1.2, 1.8) |
Hanging toilet | 20 (1.6) | 6 (0.5) | 3.1 3 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 4.1 (1.6, 10.4) |
No facility | 3 (0.2) | 3 (0.2) | 3.7 3 | 0.47 | <0.001 | 1.3 (0.2, 6.5) |
Educational Level of Mother (Total Years of Schooling) | ||||||
0 | 523 (41.1) | 499 (38.4) | 24.9 3 | 0.028 | <0.001 | Ref |
1–4 | 185 (14.5) | 204 (15.7) | 18.0 3 | 0.131 | 0.001 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) |
5 | 331 (26.0) | 382 (29.4) | 11.1 3 | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) |
6–9 | 143 (11.2) | 140 (10.8) | 31.5 3 | 0.325 | <0.001 | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) |
≥10 | 92 (7.2) | 76 (5.8) | 14.4 3 | 0.02 | <0.001 | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) |
Educational Level of Father (Total Years of Schooling) | ||||||
0 | 608 (47.9) | 587 (45.2) | 19.2 3 | 0.03 | <0.001 | Ref |
1–4 | 135 (10.6) | 155 (11.9) | 16.0 3 | 0.086 | <0.001 | 0.8 (0.7, 1.1) |
5 | 231 (18.2) | 282 (21.7) | 11.3 3 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) |
6–9 | 131 (10.3) | 129 (9.9) | 28.1 3 | 0.323 | <0.001 | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) |
≥10 | 165 (13.0) | 145 (11.2) | 24.4 3 | 0.026 | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.5) |
Occupation of Mother | ||||||
Desk job | 15 (1.2) | 12 (0.9) | 6.2 3 | <0.001 | <0.001 | Ref |
Blue-collar job | 75 (5.9) | 51 (3.9) | 25.4 3 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.3 (0.5, 3.0) |
Business | 13 (1.0) | 7 (0.5) | 14.7 3 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.5 (0.4, 5.1) |
Agricultural/farming | 7 (0.5) | 5 (0.4) | 5.3 3 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 1.2 (0.3, 4.8) |
Homemaker | 1161 (91.1) | 945 (72.5) | N/A | <0.001 | N/A | 1.1 (0.5, 2.4) |
Others | 3 (0.2) | 283 (21.7) | 0.4 3 | <0.001 | 0.251 | 0.01 (0.002, 0.034) |
Occupation of Father | ||||||
Desk job | 68 (5.3) | 82 (6.3) | N/A | 0.085 | N/A | Ref |
Blue-collar job | 474 (37.2) | 441 (33.8) | N/A | 0.006 | N/A | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) |
Business | 234 (18.4) | 213 (16.3) | N/A | 0.026 | N/A | 1.4 (0.9, 2.0) |
Agricultural/farming | 310 (24.3) | 365 (28.0) | N/A | 0.002 | N/A | 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) |
Unemployed | 17 (1.3) | 4 (0.3) | N/A | <0.001 | N/A | 4.4 (1.4, 14.0) |
Others | 171 (13.4) | 198 (15.2) | N/A | 0.04 | N/A | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) |
Socioeconomic Status (SES) | ||||||
Poor SES | 273 (21.4) | 225 (17.3) | N/A | <0.001 | N/A | 1.6 (1.3, 2.0) |
Moderate SES | 518 (40.7) | 481 (36.9) | N/A | 0.003 | N/A | 1.4 (1.1, 1.6) |
High SES | 483 (37.9) | 597 (45.8) | N/A | <0.001 | N/A | Ref |
Monthly Income-Expenditure Balance | ||||||
Negative balance | 72 (5.7) | 45 (3.5) | N/A | <0.001 | N/A | 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) |
Equal balance | 927 (73.0) | 930 (72.1) | N/A | 0.236 | N/A | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) |
Positive balance | 270 (21.3) | 315 (24.4) | N/A | 0.005 | N/A | Ref |
Mainstream School Attendance | ||||||
Primary | 268 (21.2) | 460 (35.9) | 86.7 3,6 | <0.001 | <0.001 | Ref |
Secondary | 67 (5.3) | 427 (33.3) | <0.001 | |||
Others | 28 (2.2) | 26 (2.0) | 0.32 | |||
No | 588 (46.5) | 33 (2.6) | N/A | <0.001 | N/A | 42.2 (29.0, 61.3) |
Not applicable | 313 (24.8) | 336 (26.2) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Indicator | Children with Disability | Children without Disability | p Value | Adjusted Odds Ratio 6 (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Weight for Age z Score (WAZ) (n = 1344) | ||||
n 1 | 676 | 668 | ||
Median (IQR) | −2.7 (−4.0, −1.4) | −1.52 (−2.4, −0.6) | <0.001 4 | |
Normal | 239 (35.4) | 434 (65.0) | <0.001 5 | Ref |
Underweight | 144 (21.3) | 153 (22.9) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.2) | |
Severely underweight | 293 (43.3) | 81 (12.1) | 6.6 (4.9, 8.9) | |
Height for Age z Score (HAZ) (n = 2518) | ||||
n 2 | 1249 | 1269 | ||
Median (IQR) | −2.9 (−5.0, −1.5) | −1.1 (−2.0, −0.0) | <0.001 4 | |
Normal | 429 (34.3) | 953 (75.1) | <0.001 5 | Ref |
Stunted | 221 (17.7) | 201 (15.8) | 2.3 (1.8, 2.9) | |
Severely stunted | 599 (48.0) | 115 (9.1) | 11.8 (9.3, 14.9) | |
Weight for Height z Score (WHZ) (n = 510) | ||||
n 3 | 241 | 259 | ||
Median (IQR) | −0.74 (−1.7, 0.5) | −0.85 (−1.5, 0.2) | 0.261 4 | |
Normal | 189 (78.4) | 211 (81.5) | 0.001 5 | Ref |
Wasted | 27 (11.2) | 41 (15.8) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.3) | |
Severely wasted | 25 (10.4) | 7 (2.7) | 4.0 (1.7, 9.5) |
Type of Impairment 1 | Weight for Age 2 | Prevalence of Underweight (%) (95% CI) | Adjusted OR 4 | Height for Age 3 | Prevalence of Stunting (%) (95% CI) | Adjusted OR 4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Underweight | Normal | Stunted | |||||
Physical impairment | 157 | 363 | 69.8 (66.0–74.0) | 2.7 (1.8–3.9) | 236 | 662 | 73.7 (71.0–76.0) | 3.4 (2.6–4.4) |
Cerebral palsy (CP) | 134 | 331 | 71.2 (67.0–75.0) | 195 | 585 | 75.0 (72.0–78.0) | ||
Birth defect | 14 | 19 | 57.6 (41.0–73.0) | 7 | 5 | 41.7 (19.0-68.0) | ||
Genetic disease related physical impairment | 7 | 10 | 58.8 (36.0–78.0) | 26 | 41 | 61.2 (49.0–72.0) | ||
Trauma/Injury related physical impairment | 0 | 2 | 100.0 (34.0–100.0) | 5 | 27 | 84.4 (68.0–93.0) | ||
Musculoskeletal dystrophy/atrophy | 2 | 1 | 33.3 (6.0–79.0) | 3 | 4 | 57.1 (25.0–84.0) | ||
Visual | 23 | 54 | 70.1 (59.0–79.0) | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) | 41 | 113 | 73.4 (66.0–80.0) | 1.5 (1.0–2.2) |
Hearing | 66 | 135 | 67.2 (60.0–73.0) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 121 | 261 | 68.3 (63.0–73.0) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) |
Epilepsy | 26 | 82 | 75.9 (67.0–83.0) | 1.9 (1.2–3.0) | 36 | 139 | 79.4 (73.0–85.0) | 2.2 (1.5–3.2) |
Speech | 176 | 264 | 60.0 (55.0–64.0) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 311 | 527 | 62.9 (60.0–66.0) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) |
Clinical Characteristics | Nutritional Status of Children | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight for Age 1 | p Value 3 | Height for Age 2 | p Value 3 | |||
Normal | Underweight | Normal | Stunted | |||
Predominant Type of CP | ||||||
Monoplegia | 61 (47.7) | 67 (52.3) | <0.001 | 115 (49.4) | 118 (50.6) | <0.001 |
Diplegia | 29 (33.0) | 59 (67.0) | 25 (18.5) | 110 (81.5) | ||
Tri/Quadriplegia | 26 (15.5) | 142 (84.5) | 34 (11.2) | 270 (88.8) | ||
Dyskinesia | 8 (25.0) | 24 (75.0) | 12 (24.5) | 37 (75.5) | ||
Hypotonia | 10 (23.3) | 33 (76.7) | 7 (14.0) | 43 (86.0) | ||
Ataxia | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | ||
Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) Level | ||||||
I–II | 60 (45.8) | 71 (54.2) | <0.001 | 131 (52.8) | 117 (47.2) | <0.001 |
III–V | 72 (22.0) | 256 (78.0) | 61 (11.6) | 464 (88.4) | ||
Age of CP Diagnosis (Years) | ||||||
Less than 2 | 24 (21.6) | 87 (78.4) | 0.093 | 23 (18.1) | 104 (81.9) | 0.028 |
2–3 | 47 (30.5) | 107 (69.5) | 47 (23.3) | 155 (76.7) | ||
4–5 | 25 (29.1) | 61 (70.9) | 26 (20.8) | 99 (79.2) | ||
6 and above | 30 (38.5) | 48 (61.5) | 82 (30.5) | 187 (69.5) | ||
Associated Impairments | ||||||
Visual | 15 (25.9) | 43 (74.1) | 0.595 | 18 (18.6) | 79 (81.4) | 0.117 |
Hearing | 30 (22.1) | 106 (77.9) | 0.039 | 36 (15.9) | 191 (84.1) | <0.001 |
Epilepsy | 23 (23.0) | 77 (77.0) | 0.147 | 26 (16.7) | 130 (83.3) | 0.007 |
Speech | 105 (34.4) | 300 (65.6) | <0.001 | 166 (30.9) | 372 (69.1) | <0.001 |
Characteristics | Underweight among Children with Disability n (%) 1, 6 | Adjusted Odds Ratio 2 (95% CI) | Underweight among Children without Disability n (%) 1, 7 | Adjusted Odds Ratio 2 (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 437 | n = 234 | |||
Source of Drinking Water | ||||
Improved source 3 | 437 (64.6) | Ref | 233 (100.0) | Ref |
Unimproved source 3 | 0 (0.0) | N/A | 0 (0.0) | N/A |
Water Treatment Method | ||||
Proper treatment 4 | 50 (59.5) | Ref | 21 (25.6) | Ref |
Improper treatment | 387 (65.4) | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | 212 (36.4) | 1.6 (1.0–2.7) |
Access to Sanitation | ||||
Improved facility 5 | 314 (61.9) | Ref | 166 (32.6) | Ref |
Not-improved facility 5 | 123 (72.8) | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | 67 (43.2) | 1.5 (1.0–2.2) |
Educational Level of Mother (Total Years of Schooling) | ||||
0 | 147 (68.4) | 2.0 (1.1–3.7) | 82 (38.3) | 2.5 (1.0–6.3) |
1–4 | 71 (73.2) | 2.5 (1.3–5.1) | 45 (40.5) | 2.8 (1.1–7.4) |
5 | 129 (62.0) | 1.5 (0.8–2.7) | 71 (34.3) | 2.2 (0.8–5.6) |
6–9 | 61 (61.0) | 1.5 (0.7–2.8) | 30 (29.7) | 1.8 (0.7–4.8) |
≥10 | 29 (51.8) | Ref | 6 (18.2) | Ref |
Educational Level of Father (Total Years of Schooling) | ||||
0 | 193 (66.1) | 1.7 (1.0–2.7) | 99 (36.4) | 2.2 (1.1–4.1) |
1–4 | 45 (66.2) | 1.7 (0.9–3.2) | 39 (41.5) | 2.9 (1.4–5.9) |
5 | 89 (65.9) | 1.7 (1.0–2.9) | 53 (35.8) | 2.2 (1.1–4.4) |
6–9 | 54 (69.2) | 2.0 (1.0–3.7) | 29 (36.7) | 2.3 (1.1–5.0) |
≥10 | 53 (53.5) | Ref | 14 (19.4) | Ref |
Occupation of Mother | ||||
Desk job | 3 (50.0) | Ref | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Blue-collar job | 23 (63.9) | 1.7 (0.3–10.3) | 9 (30.0) | 1.4 (0.4–5.2) |
Business | 3 (100.0) | N/A | 1 (25.0) | 1.0 (0.1–12.1) |
Agricultural/farming | 2 (100.0) | N/A | 1 (50.0) | 3.5 (0.2–69.1) |
Homemaker | 405 (64.7) | 1.8 (0.3–9.4) | 218 (35.9) | 1.9 (0.7–5.4) |
Others | 1 (33.3) | 0.5 (0.03–8.9) | 5 (25.0) | Ref |
Occupation of Father | ||||
Desk job | 24 (51.1) | Ref | 7 (18.9) | Ref |
Blue-collar job | 191 (70.5) | 2.3 (1.2–4.3) | 93 (34.1) | 2.0 (0.8–4.8) |
Business | 78 (60.5) | 1.5 (0.7–2.9) | 43 (37.7) | 2.4 (1.0–6.0) |
Agricultural/farming | 86 (63.7) | 1.7 (0.8–3.3) | 52 (41.6) | 2.7 (1.1–6.7) |
Unemployed | 2 (50.0) | 0.9 (0.1–7.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Others | 56 (62.2) | 1.6 (0.8–3.2) | 39 (33.3) | 2.0 (0.8–4.9) |
Socioeconomic Status (SES) | ||||
Poor SES | 108 (70.6) | 2.0 (1.3–3.1) | 59 (41.8) | 1.7 (1.1–2.6) |
Moderate SES | 206 (69.1) | 1.9 (1.3–2.7) | 99 (37.1) | 1.4 (1.0–2.1) |
High SES | 123 (54.7) | Ref | 76 (29.2) | Ref |
Monthly Income-Expenditure Balance | ||||
Negative balance | 22 (62.9) | 1.1 (0.5–2.3) | 12 (40.0) | 1.5 (0.7–3.4) |
Equal balance | 316 (66.2) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 161 (37.1) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) |
Positive balance | 99 (61.5) | Ref | 57 (29.7) | Ref |
Mainstream School Attendance | ||||
No | 173 (76.5) | 3.8 (2.4–6.1) | 12 (60.0) | 2.8 (1.1–7.2) |
Yes | 60 (45.5) | Ref | 110 (34.6) | Ref |
Characteristics | Stunting among Children with Disability, n (%) 1, 6 | Adjusted Odds Ratio2 (95% CI) | Stunting among Children without Disability, n (%) 1, 7 | Adjusted Odds Ratio 2 (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 820 | n = 316 | |||
Source of Drinking Water | ||||
Improved source 3 | 820 (65.8) | Ref | 315 (100.0) | Ref |
Unimproved source 3 | 0 (0.0) | N/A | 0 (0.0) | N/A |
Water Treatment Method | ||||
Proper treatment 4 | 101 (62.7) | Ref | 31 (20.5) | Ref |
Improper treatment 4 | 719 (66.1) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 284 (25.5) | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) |
Access to Sanitation | ||||
Improved facility 5 | 571 (63.7) | Ref | 241 (24.1) | Ref |
Not-improved facility 5 | 249 (70.7) | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | 73 (27.9) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) |
Educational Level of Mother (Total Years of Schooling) | ||||
0 | 335 (65.4) | 2.2 (1.4–3.5) | 120 (24.4) | 1.8 (0.9–3.4) |
1–4 | 128 (71.1) | 2.7 (1.6–4.6) | 47 (23.4) | 1.5 (0.7–3.0) |
5 | 214 (65.6) | 2.0 (1.6–4.6) | 98 (26.6) | 1.8 (0.9–3.4) |
6–9 | 99 (70.2) | 2.5 (1.4–4.4) | 38 (28.4) | 1.7 (0.8–3.5) |
≥10 | 44 (48.9) | Ref | 13 (18.1) | Ref |
Educational Level of Father (Total Years of Schooling) | ||||
0 | 396 (66.6) | 1.5 (1.0–2.1) | 146 (25.3) | 1.6 (1.0–2.6) |
1–4 | 90 (66.7) | 1.4 (0.9–2.3) | 37 (24.0) | 1.3 (0.7–2.2) |
5 | 150 (66.1) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 65 (24.0) | 1.4 (0.8–2.3) |
6–9 | 88 (68.8) | 1.4 (0.9–2.4) | 39 (31.5) | 1.9 (1.0–3.4) |
≥10 | 93 (58.1) | Ref | 28 (20.0) | Ref |
Occupation of Mother | ||||
Desk job | 8 (57.1) | Ref | 1 (9.1) | Ref |
Blue-collar job | 48 (65.8) | 1.4 (0.4–4.7) | 15 (30.6) | 5.1 (0.6–44.2) |
Business | 8 (66.7) | 1.7 (0.3–8.8) | 0 (0.0) | N/A |
Agricultural/farming | 4 (66.7) | 1.6 (0.2–12.0) | 1 (20.0) | 3.0 (0.1–62.4) |
Homemaker | 751 (65.8) | 1.4 (0.5–4.1) | 276 (30.2) | 4.7 (0.6–37.6) |
Others | 1 (33.3) | 0.3 (0.02–4.4) | 23 (8.2) | 1.2 (0.1–9.9) |
Occupation of Father | ||||
Desk job | 42 (61.8) | Ref | 14 (18.2) | Ref |
Blue-collar job | 327 (70.9) | 1.6 (0.9–2.7) | 123 (28.7) | 2.1 (1.1–3.9) |
Business | 148 (64.3) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 53 (25.4) | 1.8 (0.9–3.6) |
Agricultural/farming | 188 (62.3) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 69 (19.2) | 1.4 (0.7–2.7) |
Unemployed | 10 (58.8) | 1.0 (0.3–3.0) | 1 (25.0) | 1.3 (0.1–13.9) |
Others | 105 (61.4) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 56 (29.3) | 2.1 (1.1–4.1) |
Socioeconomic Status (SES) | ||||
Poor SES | 200 (73.8) | 2.1 (1.5–2.9) | 69 (31.1) | 1.9 (1.3–2.7) |
Moderate SES | 339 (67.5) | 1.5 (1.1–1.9) | 131 (28.2) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) |
High SES | 281 (59.0) | Ref | 116 (19.9) | Ref |
Monthly Income-Expenditure Balance | ||||
Negative balance | 45 (63.4) | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | 10 (22.7) | 1.0 (0.5–2.2) |
Equal balance | 610 (67.3) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 234 (25.7) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) |
Positive balance | 162 (60.9) | Ref | 69 (23.0) | Ref |
Mainstream School Attendance | ||||
No | 430 (75.0) | 4.1 (3.0–5.4) | 12 (36.4) | 2.1 (1.0–4.4) |
Yes | 146 (41.0) | Ref | 166 (18.3) | Ref |
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Jahan, I.; Karim, T.; Al Imam, M.H.; Das, M.C.; Ali, K.M.; Muhit, M.; Khandaker, G. Childhood Disability and Nutrition: Findings from a Population-Based Case Control Study in Rural Bangladesh. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2728. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112728
Jahan I, Karim T, Al Imam MH, Das MC, Ali KM, Muhit M, Khandaker G. Childhood Disability and Nutrition: Findings from a Population-Based Case Control Study in Rural Bangladesh. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2728. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112728
Chicago/Turabian StyleJahan, Israt, Tasneem Karim, Mahmudul Hassan Al Imam, Manik Chandra Das, Khaled Mohammad Ali, Mohammad Muhit, and Gulam Khandaker. 2019. "Childhood Disability and Nutrition: Findings from a Population-Based Case Control Study in Rural Bangladesh" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2728. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112728